Occitan. Langue d’Oc. Romance language of southern France. Dialects include Provençale, the language of the troubadours. Oil.

Oehlenschläger, Adam. 1779-1850. Danish Romantic poet.

Offa. 755-796. King of Mercia 757-. Founded St. Alban’s abbey. Dee Dyke vs Welsh 785. Introduced coinage. Treaty with Charlemagne. Began unification of England.

Oil. Ancient language of N. France. Occitan.

Old Age Pensions. 1909 Britain, 1935 US.

Old English. 5-11C. Teutonic language of England.

Old Kingdom. c2780-2160BC. Pyramid Age of Egypt.

OPEC. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. 1961- International cartel sets prices by controlling supply. Created oil shortage 1973.

Paget, James. 1814-99. British surgeon. Trichinosis 1834.

Pahlavi. 3-10C. Iranian branch of Indo-European languages.

Paine, Thomas. 1737-1809. English/US/French political writer for democracy. Common Sense 1776, Rights of Man 1791, Age of Reason 1794.

Palatinate. 1156-. Region of south Germany ravaged during 30 Years War and War of Grand Alliance. Saar.

Paleolithic. 2.5M-10,000BC. Old Stone Age.

Pali. Indo-European language of Buddha.

Palladium. Sacred image of Athena protecting Troy. Stolen by Odysseus.

Pancras, St. 290-304. Patron saint of children. Martyred at age 14.

Pangkor Engagement. 1874. Treaty with Perak established British rule in Malaya.

Pankhurst, Emmeline. 1858-1928. English suffragette. Founded Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903.

Paris School. 1900-30. Bohemian golden age of arts in Montparnasse.

Parry, William. 1790-1855. English arctic explorer. Failed to find NW Passage.

Parsons, Charles. 1854-1931. English inventor of multi-stage steam turbine, 1884.

Parthenon. 447-431BC. Marble Doric temple of Athena built by Phidias and Ictinus under Pericles on Athens Acropolis. Damaged by Venetians attacking Turks 1687.

Pastry War. 1838-9. France blockades Mexico. Wins cook’s 1828 damage claims.

Philby, Kim. 1912-88. British/Soviet double agent 1933-51. Escaped to USSR 1963. My Secret War 1968.

Philippines. 1521 Magellan discovers. 1565 Spanish conquer. 1762-64 British occupy. 1898 US. 1935 Commonwealth. 1941-11 Japan occupies. 1946 Republic. 1973 Marcos dictator. 1986 Democracy. MacArthur.

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