Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

London Company. 1606. Establishd first permanent English settlement in N America at Jamestown, VA.

Madog. Welsh king, legendary discoverer of America 1170.

Maine. 1898. US battleship destroyed at Havana. Excuse for Spanish American War.

María Cristina II. 1858-1929. Spanish queen consort. As regent, 1885-1902, lost Spanish American War.

Massasoit. c1580-1661. American Indian chief, friend of Massachussets colonists.

Mather. 17-18C. Family of influential American Puritan ministers.

McKinley, William. 1843-1901. US President 1897-. Spanish American War. Gained Hawaii. Assassinated by anarchist.

Mencken, H.L. 1880-1956. US iconoclast critic. American Language. Prejudices 1919-27.

Merrimack. 1862. Fought Monitor in first battle of iron-clad ships. American Civil War.

Minutemen. American Revolution soldiers pledged to take the field on a minute’s notice.

Montgomery, Richard. 1738-75. Irish/US Revolutionary general. Killed attacking Quebec.

Myrdal, Gunnar. 1898-1987. Swedish economist/sociologist on racism. American Dilemma 1944.

Navaho. SW US. Largest Native American tribe. Migrated c10C from Canada. Supressed by Kit Carson; 8000 incarcerated 1864-8.

New Granada. 18C-1810 Spanish colony in South America: Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela. 1830-58 =Colombia.

Nicaragua. 1502 Columbus discovers. 1523 Spanish settle. 1821 Mexican Empire. 1826 CAF. 1839 Independent. Sandinistas.

OAS. Organization of American States. 1948. Western Hemisphere organization for peace, security, and economic cooperation. Cuba expelled 1962.

OCAS. Organization of Central American States. 1951-. For regional and economic unity. CACM.

Olive Branch Petition. 1775. Moderate Americans attempt to avoid war. Ignored by George III.

Palmerston, Lord. 1784-1865. English Whig Prime Minister 1855~65. Secretary of War 1809-28. Foreign Secretary 1830~51. Crimean War. American Civil War.

Pan-American Conferences. 1826- US, South American states. Pan-American Union, OAS.

Pan-American Union. 1890-1948. Commercial, cultural exchanges.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Peninsular Campaign. 1862. Failed Union attempt to take Richmond in American Civil War.

Petersburg Campaign. 1864-5. Virginia. Final action of American Civil War leading to Confederate defeat.

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