Alba. 843 Kingdom of Picts and Scots, north of Clyde. 1034 +Strathclyde +Cumbria +Lothian.

Alexis. 1629-76. Russian czar 1645-. Recognized serfdom. Northern War. Peasant Revolt 1667-71.

American Civil War. 1861-5. Abolitionist North defeats slave-owning South. Britain and France support South, Russia supports North. Union. Confederacy.

Amish. 17C-. Conservative Mennonites. 19-20C migrated to North America.

Amundsen, Roald. 1872-1928. Norwegian explorer, first to South Pole, 1911; NW Passage, 1906.

Anglo-Irish Agreement. 1985. Irish Republic gets voice in governing N. Ireland.

Anglo-Irish Treaty. 1921. Partitioned Ireland. Irish Free State as Dominion. N. Ireland in UK.

Annam. 2000BC Kingdom in north Vietnam 1883 French protectorate.

Antonine Wall. 142. Scotland. North of Hadrian’s. Abandoned ~196. Antoninus.

Apache. Natives of SW North America. Geronimo. Cochise.

Atlantic Cable. 1866. Telegraphic link between North America and Europe.

Atom Bomb. 1945 US. 1949 USSR. 1952 Britain. 1960 France. 1964 China. 1974 India. 1989 South Africa (dismantled). 1998 Pakistan. ? Israel. 1990s Argentina, Brazil. Soon: Iraq, Iran, North Korea. H-Bomb. Neutron Bomb.

Augustus II. 1670-1733. King of Poland, 1697-. Provoked Northern War.

Barbary. 16-19C. Name given to North African coast. Berbers.

Belgae. 150BC Celts in north Gaul. 75BC to south of England.

Berbers. Caucasian North African peoples, mostly Moslem. Nomadic since 12C Arab invasions. Almohads. Almoravids. Barbary.

Bernicia. 6C Anglian kingdom in Northumbria. Deira.

Boreas. Greek personification of the north wind.

Brendan, St. 484-578. Celtic abbot, legendary Atlantic navigator to North America.

Byrd, Richard. 1888-1957. US aviator, explorer. Flight over North Pole, 1926.

Caledonia. Roman name for north of Britain ≈Scotland.

Caliphate Empire. 632-1258. Moslem Empire founded by Muhammad. From Afghanistan to north Africa and Spain. Umayyad. Abbasid.

Carpetbagger. 1865-77. Northern politicians in S US during Reconstruction.

Charles X Gustav. 1622-60. Swedish king 1654-. Gt. Northern War.

China. T’ang(leg). Yü (leg). c1994BC Hsia. c1500 Shang. c1027 Chou. 481 Warring States. 221 Ch’in. 202BC Han. 220 AD Three Kingdoms. 265 Chin. 386 Northern Dyn(N)/420 Southern Dyn(S). 581 Sui rebuild. 618 T’ang. 10C Five dyn/Ten kingdoms. 960 Sung. 1279 Yüan (Mongol). 1368 Ming. 1644 Ch’ing (Manchu). 1912 Republic. 1938-44 Japanese occupation. 1949 People’s Republic.

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