Hatt-i Humayun. 1856. Turkish reform act, forced by major powers, but not always enforced.

Head Act. 1465. Bounty to English colonists for heads of Irish.

Helvétius, Claude-Adrien. 1715-71. French Materialist philosopher. All actions based on self-interest. De l’ésprit 1758.

Hepworth, Barbara. 1903-75. English abstract sculptor.

Highland Garb Act. 1746-82. Prohibited wearing of tartan.

Hobbes, Thomas. 1588-1679. English Materialist Determinist philosopher. Nominalist. Royalist. Good is that which brings pleasure; evil, pain. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Elements of Law 1640. Leviathan 1651.

Hofmann, Hans. 1880-1966. German/US improvising painter. Influenced Abstract Expressionism.

Home Rule Bill. 1914 Separate Irish Parliament. 1920 Government of Ireland Act. Irish Free State.

Homestead Acts. 1862 US grants 160 acres free to 5yr settlers. 1885 NZ, 1893 W. Australia grant free land to immigrants. Canada 160 acres for $10..

Hooke, Robert. 1635-1703. English inventor of balance spring watch. Diffraction 1672. Wave theory of light.

Hudaybiyah, Pact of al-. 628. Muhammad and followers allowed into Mecca for pilgrimage. Hijrah.

Hume, David. 1711-76. Scottish empiricist philosopher and historian: On Human Nature 1739. Free-will. Behaviour results from innate character. God cannot be proved by reason, but we must believe in Him.

Hundred Days. 1815. March 20 to July 8; Napoleon’s escape from Elba to his second abdication. 1933. Began Roosevelt’s administration. New Deal enacted.

Idealism, Philosophical. Reality is a consciousness of abstract laws vs sensory-based Materialism.

Immigration Acts. 1962. Britain limits immigration from Commonwealth.

Indian Independence Act. 1947. Freed and partitioned India/Pakistan.

Indian Removal Act. 1830. US moves all Indians to Indian Territory.

Inductive Reasoning. Baconian. Truth is induced from a mass of observed facts.

Industrial Revolution. 1730-. Transformation from agricultural to urbanized manufacturing economy as a result of steam power. 1830 England, France. 1850 Germany. 1860 USA. Blanqui. Toynbee.

Interactionism. Descartes. False idea that the mind affects body through pineal gland.

Irish Rebellion. 1649. Crushed by Cromwell. 1798. Resulted in Union Act.

Japan. 660BC Empire founded by legendary Jimmu. 5C AD First unified state. c552 Buddhism. 1192 First Shogun ruler. 1543 European contact (Portugal). 1639 Isolation. 1868 Meiji restoration. 1945-52 Allies occupy. 1947 Constitutional monarchy.

Johnson, Andrew. 1808-75. US President 1865-9. Reconstruction. Civil Rights Act 1866. Barely acquitted in impeachment trial.

Johnson, Lyndon. 1908-73. US president 1963-9. Great Society program. Education Act. Medicare. Vietnam War.

Joliot-Curie, Frédéric. 1900-58, and Irène. 1897-1956. Discovered Uranium fission 1934. Artificial radioactive substances.

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