Lessing, Doris. 1919-. Iran./Rhodesian/British novelist. The Children of Violence 1964.

Lexington and Concord, Battle. 1775. First American Revolution battle. British march on Concord supply depot. Established guerilla warfare as colonist strategy. 273 British, 95 Americans killed. Paul Revere.

Liberal Party. 1832. British Social reform, free trade, Irish Home Rule. 1867 Canada. 1944 Australia.

Liberty Affair. 1768. British sieze Hancock’s sloop ’Liberty’ smuggling wine to Boston.

Liberty Poles. 1765-6. Symbolic anti-British poles in US.

Libraries. 1700BC Chaldean. 540BC Athens. 284BC Alexandria. 167 Rome. 355 Constantinople. 1446 Vatican. 1520 Paris. 1757 British Museum. 1598 Oxford Bodleian. 1653 Manchester, First free public. 1800 US Library of Congress.

Libya. 7C BC Phoenician, Carthage, Greek colonies. 46BC Rome. 476 Vandal(W). 534 Byzantine 647 Arab. 1551 Ottoman. 1911 Italian colony. 1943 British/French 1950 Independent Kingdom. 1969 Qaddafi coup. Terrorism. Lockerbie.

Lloyd George, David. 1863-1945. British Liberal Prime Minister,1916-22. Unemployment insurance. Irish Free State. War cabinet, 1916.

Lloyd Webber, Andrew. 1948-. British composer of popular musicals. Jesus Christ, Superstar 1971. Evita 1978. Cats 1981. Phantom of the Opera.

Low, David. 1891-1963. British caricaturist. Colonel Blimp.

Lusitania. 1915. British passenger ship sunk by German U-boat. Led to US joining WWI. 1198 lost.

Lyell, Charles. 1797-1875. British geologist. Principles of Geology 1833. Coined terms for eras: Pliocene, Miocene, Eocene. Uniformitarianism.

Macaulay, Thomas. 1800-59. British politician, writer. Essays 1843. History of England 1849-61 the “Whig interpretation of history”.

MacDonald, John A. 1815-91. Key to British North America Act, Conservative. First Prime Minister of Canada 1867~91. Pacific Railway.

MacDonald, Ramsay. 1866-1937. First British Labour Prime Minister 1924~35.

Macdonough, Thomas. 1783-1825. Defeated British in Lake Champlain naval battle 1814.

MacMillan, Harold. 1894-1986. British Conservative Prime Minister 1957-63.

Madagascar. 1500 Portugal discovers. 1642 French. 1814 British. 1885 French protectorate. 1896 French colony. 1958 Self-government as Malagasy. 1960 Independent. 1975 = Democratic Republic of Madagascar. 1993 Republic.

Madras Mutiny. 1809. European officers vs British East India Co.

Magna Carta. 1215. British charter of rights, confirming ancient liberties, forced on King John at Runnymede. Habeas Corpus.

Maida, Battle. 1806. British defeat French in Calabria.

Malacca. (Melaka). 1403 Malay. 1511 Portugal. 1641 Dutch. 1795 British, «Straits Settlements. 1946 Malaya. 1963 Malaysia.

Malawi. c13C Chewa. 19C Yao, Ngoni. 1859 Explored by Livingstone. 1893 British protectorate. 1907 =Nyasaland. 1953 +Northern Rhodesia. 1964 Independent =Malawi. Zambia. Banda.

Maldives. Dravidians, Sinhalese settle. 12C Islam. 1153 Sultanate. 1507 Portugal garrison. 17C Dutch protectorate. 1796 British protectorate. 1965 Independent. 1968 Republic.

Malta. c800BC Phoenecia...Carthage. 218BC Rome. 5C Vandal/ Goth. 6C Byzantine. 870 Arab. 1090 Sicily. 1530 Knights of St. John. 1798 French. 1814 British. 1964 Indepependent. 1974 Republic. Population awarded George Cross 1942.

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