Offa. 755-796. King of Mercia 757-. Founded St. Alban’s abbey. Dee Dyke vs Welsh 785. Introduced coinage. Treaty with Charlemagne. Began unification of England.

Oldenbarneveldt, Jan van. 1547-1619. Dutch statesman vs Spanish occupation. Negotiated Treaty of Utrecht.

Olmütz, Treaty. 1850. Restored German Confederation under Austria.

Opium Wars. 1839-42 Hong Kong ceded to Britain. 1856-60. French, British force China to open trade, legalize opium. Demonstrated European weapon superiority. Nanking Treaty.

Oregon Question. 1818-46. Britain vs US on Canadian border. Treaty established 49°N 1846.

Orlando, Vittorio. 1860-1952. Italian Prime Minister 1917-19. Versailles negotiator.

Outer Space Treaty. 1967. International cooperation in space. Controlled military uses. 70+ signatories.

Paix des Dames. Cambrai Treaty. 1529. Francis I’s mother and Charles V’s aunt negotiate halt to Italian Wars.

Pangkor Engagement. 1874. Treaty with Perak established British rule in Malaya.

Paris Peace Conference. 1919-20. Versailles Treaty.

Passarowitz, Treaty. 1718. Venice cedes Peloponnesus to Ottomans. Ends Turkish War.

Pavia, Battle. 1525. Holy Roman Empire defeats France. Madrid Treaty.

Pedro II. 1648-1706. King of Portugal 1683-. Treaty of Lisbon.

Peking, Treaty. 1860. China cedes coastal land to Russia.

Poitiers, Battle. 732. Charles Martel halts invasion, saving Europe from Moslem rule. 1356. Edward the Black Prince defeats and captures John II. Brétigny Treaty.

Port Arthur. Chinese port. 1894 Japan. 1895 China (Shimonoseki Treaty). 1898 Russia. 1904 Japan. 1945 USSR/China. 1955 China.

Portland, William Bentrick, Duke of. 1649-1709. Dutch/English statesman. Boyne. Treaty of Rijswijk.

Portsmouth, Treaty. 1905. Russia recognizes Japan in Korea, returning Manchuria to China.

Prague, Treaty of. 1866. Ends Austro-Prussian War. Schleswig-Holstein to Prussia.

Pressburg, Treaty. 1805. Austria loses in Napoleonic Wars. Cedes land to France.

Pruth, Treaty. 1711. Ends Russo-Turkish War. Turkey regains territory.

Pyrenees, Treaty. 1659. Established French/Spanish border ending 24 year war.

Quadruple Alliance. 1718. Austria, France, Britain, Dutch Republic. Defeated Spain’s attack on Sicily. 1813,15. Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia. Enforced Treaty of Paris. 1834 France, Britain, Portugal, Spain. Supported Isabella II vs Carlist claims.

Quintuple Treaty. 1839. Britain, France, Prussia, Austria, Russia guaranteed Belgian integrity. London Treaty.

Radzin, Treaty. 1681. Ends First Russo-Turkish war. Russia gains Ukraine.

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