Lassalle, Ferdinand. 1825-64. German Socialist. 1848 Revolutionary Movement.

Lavalleja, Juan. 1784-1853. Uruguay revolutionary. Led 33 Immortals. Independence from Brazil.

Le Duc Tho. 1911-90. Vietnamese Communist leader, revolutionary. Paris Peace Conference. (Refused)

Lenin, Vladimir Illyich. 1870-1924. Russian Bolshevik revolutionary. Dictator 1917-. Created authoritarian, elite, disciplined organization.

Leninism. Applied Dialectical Materialism. World Proletariat Revolution. Dictatorship of the Proletariat, then transition to Communism. Authoritarian conspiratorial elite conscious of imperative of history. “Freedom in discussion-unity in action”.

Lexington and Concord, Battle. 1775. First American Revolution battle. British march on Concord supply depot. Established guerilla warfare as colonist strategy. 273 British, 95 Americans killed. Paul Revere.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

Louis XV. 1710-74. French King 1715-. Incompetence led to lost prestige, French Revolution. Philippe, duc d’Orléans.

Louis XVI. 1754-93. French King 1774-92. Bankrupted Government. French Revolution. Guillotined 1793.

Louis XVII. 1785-95. Nominal French king during Revolution.

Luddites. 1811-16. Workers who destroyed machines to stop the Industrial Revolution. Led by mythical Ned Ludd.

Lunéville, Treaty. 1801. Austria quit French Revolutionary War. Pope Pius VII restored.

Luxemburg, Rosa. 1871-1919. German revolutionary theoritician, agitator. Founded Spartacus Party.

Mao Tse-tung. 1893-1976. Chinese Communist leader 1935-. Long March. Cultural Revolution.

Maoism. Revolutionary Communist ideology of Mao Tse-tung.

Marat, Jean-Paul. 1743-1793. Bloodthirsty French revolutionary, murdered by Charlotte Corday.

March Laws. 1848. Hungarian independence during Revolution.

March Revolution. 1848 Germany. Led to Louis I abdication in favour of Maximilian II in Bavaria, Metternich resignation.

Marcuse, Herbert. 1898-1979. German/US radical philosopher. Revolutionary change vs repressive society. One Dimensional Man 1964.

Marie Antoinette. 1755-93. Daughter of Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa, Queen Consort to Louis XVI. Guillotined for seeking US aid vs French Revolution. -“Let them eat cake”.

Mavrokordátos, Aléxandros. 1791-1835. Greek revolutionary leader vs Turkey. Prime Minister 1833,44,54-55.

Mayakovsky, Vladimir. 1893-1930. Russian Revolution poet. Backbone Flute 1915. Cloud in Trousers 1915.

Mensheviks. 1903-22. Pacifist minority Social Democratic Workers Party members under Martov split from Bolsheviks. Sought gradual vs revolutionary socialism. Suppressed after October Revolution.

Messiaen, Olivier. 1908-92. Revolutionary French composer. Experimented with Indian music, bird song, complex rhythms, unusual instruments.

Mexican Revolution. 1910-24. Successive leaders overthrown. 1917 New Constitution. Diaz. Zapata. Villa.

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