Lutyens, Elizabeth. 1906-83. Britain’s leading 12-note composer.

Lyell, Charles. 1797-1875. British geologist. Principles of Geology 1833. Coined terms for eras: Pliocene, Miocene, Eocene. Uniformitarianism.

Macaulay, Thomas. 1800-59. British politician, writer. Essays 1843. History of England 1849-61 the “Whig interpretation of history”.

MacBride, Seán. 1904-88. Irish statesman. Founded Republican Party 1946. Foreign minister 1948-1951. Founder, chairman 1961-75 Amnesty International. Assistant UN Secretary General.

MacDonald, John A. 1815-91. Key to British North America Act, Conservative. First Prime Minister of Canada 1867~91. Pacific Railway.

MacDonald, Ramsay. 1866-1937. First British Labour Prime Minister 1924~35.

Macdonough, Thomas. 1783-1825. Defeated British in Lake Champlain naval battle 1814.

Machado de Assis, Joaquim. 1839-1908. Brazilian writer. Small Winner 1881.

MacMillan, Harold. 1894-1986. British Conservative Prime Minister 1957-63.

Madagascar. 1500 Portugal discovers. 1642 French. 1814 British. 1885 French protectorate. 1896 French colony. 1958 Self-government as Malagasy. 1960 Independent. 1975 = Democratic Republic of Madagascar. 1993 Republic.

Madras Mutiny. 1809. European officers vs British East India Co.

Madrid, Treaty. 1526. Charles V, Francis I truce in Italian Wars. 1670. Spain cedes Jamaica to Britain.

Magliabechi, Antonio. 1633-1714. Italian Medici librarian.

Magna Carta. 1215. British charter of rights, confirming ancient liberties, forced on King John at Runnymede. Habeas Corpus.

Mahler, Gustav. 1860-1911. Austrian classical Romantic symphony composer. Bridged gap between Romantics and atonalists. Resurrection Symphony 1894.

Maida, Battle. 1806. British defeat French in Calabria.

Malacca. (Melaka). 1403 Malay. 1511 Portugal. 1641 Dutch. 1795 British, «Straits Settlements. 1946 Malaya. 1963 Malaysia.

Malawi. c13C Chewa. 19C Yao, Ngoni. 1859 Explored by Livingstone. 1893 British protectorate. 1907 =Nyasaland. 1953 +Northern Rhodesia. 1964 Independent =Malawi. Zambia. Banda.

Malaya. 200BC Indian colonies. 1511 Portugal. 1641 Dutch. 1795 Britain. 1948-63 Federation of Malaya. 1963 Malaysia.

Malayan Emergency. 1948-60. Britain and allies defeat communist guerillas.

Maldives. Dravidians, Sinhalese settle. 12C Islam. 1153 Sultanate. 1507 Portugal garrison. 17C Dutch protectorate. 1796 British protectorate. 1965 Independent. 1968 Republic.

Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1884-1942. Polish. Founded social anthropology.

Malta. c800BC Phoenecia...Carthage. 218BC Rome. 5C Vandal/ Goth. 6C Byzantine. 870 Arab. 1090 Sicily. 1530 Knights of St. John. 1798 French. 1814 British. 1964 Indepependent. 1974 Republic. Population awarded George Cross 1942.

Manchester School. 19C British free-trade movement. Cobden.

Mann, Thomas. 1875-1955. German/US novelist. Opposed Nazism. Buddenbrooks 1900. Magic Mountain 1927. Death in Venice 1929. Dr Faustus.

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