Kuwait. 1710 Arabs settle. 1899 British protectorate. 1961 Independent. 1963 Constitutional monarchy. 1990-91 Iraq occupation, Gulf War.

Labour Party. 1888 Scotland. 1890 NZ. 1891 Australia. 1900 Britain. 1930 Israel. Founded by unions, Fabians for democratic change towards socialism. First UK MPs elected 1906. First UK Labour government 1924.

Labrouste, Henri. 1801-75. French architect. Early use of iron. Bibliothèque Nationale 1862.

LaBruyère, Jean de. 1645-96. French satiric moralist writer. Caractères 1688.

Laforgue, Jules. 1860-1887. French symbolist poet. Invented verse libre. Les Complaintes 1885.

Lagos, Battle. 1759. British navy stops French invasion of England.

Laing, R.D. 1927-89. British Existential psychologist. Madness as form of self-expression.

Lamarck, Jean de. 1744-1829. French evolutionary biologist. Classified vertebrates 1809. Transformism 1809. Lysenko.

Lamerie, Paul de. 1688-1751. British Rococo silversmith.

Lance. 1927 Abolished by British army. 1939 used by Polish cavalry vs German tanks.

Landowski, Paul. 1875-1961. Sculptor: St. Genevieve on Tournelle Bridge, Paris, 1928; la Réformation, Geneva, 1912-18.

Langhans, Carl. 1732-1808. German architect. Brandenburg Gate 1789.

Lansbury, George. 1859-1940. British Labour MP. Women’s suffrage. Pacifist, opposed to WWI.

Lansdowne, Henry. 1845-1927. British statesman. Governor General of Canada, India. Secretary of War 1895-1900.

Lapse, Doctrine of. British East India Company claimed control of any state where direct royal line ended causing Indian Mutiny 1857. Dalhousie.

Lateran Councils. Roman Catholic church councils. 1123,39 vs Schism of Arnold of Brescia. 1179 Crusade vs Albigens. 1215 Crusade. 1512-17 Reform.

Laurens, Henry. 1724-92. US President of Continental Congress 1777-8. Captured by British. Exchanged for Cornwallis.

Lavalleja, Juan. 1784-1853. Uruguay revolutionary. Led 33 Immortals. Independence from Brazil.

Law, Bonar. 1858-1923. Scottish MP, British Prime Minister 1922-3. Tariff reforms.

Leakey, Louis. 1903-72. British anthropological archeologist. With wife Mary, discovered homo habilis and other ancient humanoid fossils.

Lebrun, Albert. 1871-1950. French president 1931-40. Surrendered to Pétain.

LeBrun, Charles. 1619-90. Painter. Head of Gobelins Tapestry Works, 1662-. Versailles decorator.

Lee, Robert E. 1807-70. Brilliant Confederate general. Captured John Brown. Surrender at Appomatox ended Civil War.

Legislative. Branch of a government that enacts laws.

Le Nain. Antoine, 1588-1648. Louis, 1593-1648. Mathieu, 1607-1677. French brothers, painters. Popular Scenes 1642.

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