Couperin, François. 1668-1733. French Baroque keyboard composer. Concerts Royeaux, Leçons de Ténebres 1714.

Crapper, Thomas. 1836-1910. British plumber. Installed Queen Victoria’s toilets. Manufacturer, but not inventor of syphonic flush toilets.

Crick, Francis. 1916-. British discoverer of DNA structure with Watson 1953.

Cripps Mission. 1942. British attempt to negotiate India’s aid in WWII.

Cross, Richard. 1823-1914. British statesman: First urban renewal act.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Cuba. Ciboney, Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 1511 Spanish colony. 1517 Slaves brought. 1898 US. Spanish-American War. 1902 Republic. 1957-9 Castro Revolution, Communist dictatorship.

Cubism. 1907. Braque and Picasso reduce painting to minimum geometric forms. Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907. Term coined by Braque 1909.

Cubism, Synthetic. 1913. Braque and Picasso create a collage form of painting.

Cunningham, Andrew. 1883-1963. WWII admiral, British chief of naval staff 1943-6.

Curragh Incident. 1914. 57 British army officers resign rather than fight Ulstermen.

Cuthbert, St. 635-87. Celtic monk, apostle to Northumbria.

Cymbeline. c40. Legendary British king, resisted Romans.

Cyprus. Stone, Bronze Age civilizations. 1450BC Egypt. 1200BC Greek. 1000 Phoenicia. 709 Assyria. 569 Egypt. 6C Persia. 333 Macedonia. 294 Egypt. 47BC Rome...330 AD Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 1191 Crusaders. 1489 Venice. 1571 Turk. 1878 British lease...1914 Britain annexes. 1927 Crown Colony. 1960 Republic. 1963-4 Civil War, Greece and Turkey intervene. 1974 Turkey invades, partition.

Cyprus Emergency. 1952-9. Pro-Greece EOKA terrorists vs British.

Czechoslovakia. 1918 Formed in breakup of Austro-Hungarian Empire. 1920 Little Entente. 1938 -Sudetenland. 1939-45 German occupation. 1949 People’s Democratic Republic. 1968 Prague Spring. 1991 Republic. 1993 Split into Czech Republic and Slovakia.

Dabrowski, Jan. 1755-1818. Polish general under Napoleon, hero in rebellion vs Russia.

Dalhousie, First Marquess. 1812-60. British Governor General of India 1847-56. Annexed Punjab, 1849, Rangoon, Burma. Built railway, telegraph. Lapse doctrine caused Indian Mutiny.

Dance, George. (The Elder). British designer of Mansion House 1737, London Bridge rebuild 1746.

Daniel. 7C BC. Hebrew prophet. Interpreted dreams.

D’Annunzio, Gabriele. 1863-1938. Italian nationalist writer. Siezed Fiume 1919. Revived Roman salute.

Darby, Abraham. 1678-1717. Iron coking process, 1709.

David II. 1324-71. Scottish King 1329-. Son of Robert the Bruce. Invaded England 1346. Imprisoned 1346-57.

Davis, John. 1550-1605. British explorer, Davis Strait 1585, Falkland Is. 1592. Invented backstaff quadrant 1594.

Day, Benjamin. 1810-89. US founder New York Sun 1833. Brother Jonathan 1842.

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