Social Democratic Party. 1981-87. British moderate Labour centre party.

Somalia. 1960 Independent union of British Somaliland + Italian Somaliland.

Soto, Jesus. 20C Venezuelan Op/Kinetic artist. Vibration 1965.

Sousa, Martin de. 1500-64. First Portuguese colony in Brazil 1532.

South Africa. 1910 Britain unites possessions: Cape of Good Hope + Natal + Orange Free State + Transvaal = Union of South Africa. Constitution included white supremacy. 1920 +German South-West Africa by mandate. 1948 Apartheid. 1961 = Republic of South Africa; left Commonwealth. 1990 -Namibia 1994 ANC gains power.

Spance, Basil. 1907-76. British architect. New Coventry Cathedral 1951.

Spanish Civil War. 1936-9. Germany and Italy aid Fascist Franco’s revolt against the Republic, which surrenders after 1M die. International Brigades. A cause of WWII. Guernica.

Spanish Succession, War. 1701-14. Britain, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands vs Spain, France. Opposed French Philip V succession to Spanish throne creating power imbalance. Queen Anne’s War.

Speenhamland System. 1795-1834. British welfare system to aid poor.

Speke, John. 1827-64. British explorer. Discovered Lake Victoria.

Splendid Isolation. 1895-1902. Salisbury foreign policy. British naval strength required no ally.

Spode, Josiah. 1754-1829. British discoverer of bone china 1794.

Spurs, Battle. 1513. French retreat from British in War of Holy League.

Sri Lanka. (Ceylon). Veddah. 5C BC Sinhalese from northern India settle. 1100 Tamil(N)/ Sinh(S). 1505 Portugal. 1656 Netherlands. 1796 British. 1948 Independent. 1972 = Sri Lanka.

St Brice’s Day Massacre. 1002. Ethelred orders killing of Danes in England.

St Helena. 1502 Portugal discovers. 1659 British. 1815-21 Napoleon exiled. 1922 + Ascension Is. 1938 + Tristan da Cunha.

St John, Henry. 1678-1751. British statesman, writer.

St Kitts and Nevis. St Kitts: Carib. 1493 Columbus discovers. 1623,4 British, French settle, dispute. 1783 British. Nevis: 1628 British settle. 1816 St Kitts +Nevis, Anguilla, Virgin Islands. 1871 Leeward Islands Federation. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1967 St Kitts, Nevis, Anguilla Autonomous. 1980 -Anguilla. 1983 Independent.

St Lucia. Carib Arawak. 17C English fail to settle. 1650 French settle. 1803 Britain. 1838 Windward Is. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1967 Autonomous. 1979 Independent.

St Peter’s. 1506-1615. Vatican Basilica. World’s largest. Tomb of St Peter. Bramante. Michelangelo. Raphael. Model for many government buildings.

Stamp Act. 1765. British tax on newspapers and legal documents. A cause of American Revolution. Stamp Act Congress.

Stanley, Henry. 1841-1904. British/US explorer in Africa 1868-95. Found Livingstone 1871. Founded Congo Free State.

Steptoe, Patrick. 1913-88. British doctor. First test-tube baby 1978.

Stockholm, Treaty. 1719. Sweden trades land for British aid, sells land to Prussia.

Stoker, Bram. 1847-1912. Irish novelist. Dracula 1897.

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