Consulate. 1799-1804. Napoleon’s military triumvirate after Directory overthrown.

Continental System. 1806-12. Napoleon’s European embargo vs Britain. Russian refusal led to 1812 Campaign. British retaliation led to Anglo-American War 1812.

Davout, Louis. 1770-1823. Napoleon’s general, Minister of War 1815.

Empire. First. France under Napoleon I 1804-14. 2nd. Napoleon III, 1852-70.

Fibonacci, Leonardo. 1170-1240. Pisa mathematician. Book of Abacus 1202. Fibonacci Numbers 1203. Practica Geometrica 1220.

Fontainebleau, Treaty. 1807. Established Napoleon’s right to march on Portugal through Spain.

Fouché, Joseph. 1758-1820. French Revolutionary. Minister of Police 1779~1815. Secret police. Intrigued vs Robespierre 1794, Napoleon 1799,1807; Louis XVIII 1814.

Frederick VI. 1769-1839. King of Norway and Denmark, 1808-. Sided with Napoleon. Lost Norway to Sweden.

French Revolution. 1789-99. Monarchy overthrown. Republic established 1792. Caused by Absolutism, financial crisis, Enlightenment. Terror. Napoleon. French Revolutionary Wars.

Gneisenau, August. 1760-1831. Prussian general vs Napoleon.

Grande Armée. 1805-12. Napoleon’s 1,000,000 man army; combined smaller armies for central control.

Gros, Antoine. 1771-1835. French painter of Napoleon’s military career.

Hospitallers, Knights. 11C-. Order of St. John. First devoted to aid of pilgrims to Holy Land. Prominent in crusades. Bought Rhodes 1309. Expelled by Ottomans, 1522. Given Malta by Charles V, 1530. Expelled by Napoleon, 1798. = Knights of Malta.

Hundred Days. 1815. March 20 to July 8; Napoleon’s escape from Elba to his second abdication. 1933. Began Roosevelt’s administration. New Deal enacted.

Income Tax. Britain: 1193 Walter to ransom Richard I. 1799-1815 To finance war vs Napoleon. 10% over £200; 1842 Peel 3%. US: 1862-72 3% over $800 (5% if outside US); 1913 over $3000 only.

Invalides. 1670-7. Louis XIV built to house 4,000 invalid soldiers. Architect: Bruant, dome by Mansart. Tomb of Napoleon.

Jena-Auerstadt, Battles. 1806. Napoleonic victories over Prussians led to fall of Berlin.

Joséphine, Empress. 1763-1814. Widow of beheaded General de Beauharnais, wife of Napoleon 1796-1809; divorced.

Kutuzov, Mikhaïl. 1745-1813. Russian general. Repelled Napoleon, 1812.

Law, Bonar. 1858-1923. Scottish MP, British Prime Minister 1922-3. Tariff reforms.

Legion of Honour. French national order instituted by Napoleon, 1802. Five ranks: Grands Croix, Grands Officiers, Commandeurs, Officiers, Chevaliers.

Legitimists. 19C French Royalist supporters of Bourbon Chambord vs Orleanists, Bonapartists.

Leipzig, Battle. 1813. Napoleon loses Germany and Poland. 500,000 troops involved.

Ligurian Republic. 1797-99, 1801-5. Genoese state formed by Napoleon.

Lodi, Battle. 1796. Napoleon defeats Austria in Italy.

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