Fichte, Johann. 1762-1814. German Nationalist Idealist philosopher. Influenced Totalitarianism. Addresses to the German Nation 1807-8.

Flemish. School of Music. 1450-1550. Vocal contrapuntal ideal of a capella.

Florentine. School of Painting. 1270 Academy of Fine Arts. Express humanist ideas through art. Realism and chiarascuro. DaVinci, Michelangelo, Raphael.

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. Biblical reference to war, famine, death, and Christ, to come at end of world.

Gawain. Arthurian ideal knight.

Gide, André. 1869-1951. French writer. The Counterfeiters 1926.

Gogol, Nikolai. 1809-52. Russian Realist writer. Dead Souls 1842.

Gothic Art. 13C-. Church sculpture, illuminated manuscripts. Less idealized than Classical. Emotions portrayed.

Harrington, James. 1611-77. English idealist utopian writer. Oceana 1656.

Hasideans. Jewish sects. 300-175BC. Strict Talmudic observation.

Hegel, G.W.F. 1770-1831. German Idealist philosopher: Dialectical Reasoning: thesis vs antithesis = synthesis. Dialectical Materialism. “Universe is evolving from first cause toward self awareness and freedom. In man, God becomes aware of Himself”. Phenomenology 1806. Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1817. Philosophy of History 1830.

Hel. Norse goddess of death.

Henry, Patrick. 1736-99. US revolutionary. “Give me liberty or give me death” 1775. Bill of Rights.

Hinduism. c 1500BC-. Indian religion. Cycles of life, death, reincarnation. Release by enlightenment. Caste system. Vedas. Root of Buddhism, Jainism, many sects. Upanishads.

Hu Yaobang. 1915-89. Liberal Chinese Communist Party chairman. Death led to Tiananmen demonstrations.

Idealism. Artistic school of thought holding the aesthetic ideal more important than the representation of the subject. vs Realism.

Idealism, Ethical. Moral and intellectual ideals are superior to materialistic concerns.

Idealism, German. 18C. Pre-Romantic movement.

Idealism, Philosophical. Reality is a consciousness of abstract laws vs sensory-based Materialism.

Iguala, Plan de. 1821. Stated 3 objectives of Mexican Independence movement. Ignored by issuer, Iturbide, when he became Emperor.

Interactionism. Descartes. False idea that the mind affects body through pineal gland.

Iturbide, Augustin de. 1783-1824. Emperor of Mexico 1822-3. Led Mexican independence movement. Exiled.

James, Henry. 1843-1916. US psychological novelist. American 1877. Washington Square 1881. Turn of the Screw 1898. Compared innocence of New World with corruption of Old.-“It takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature”.

Jauhar. Indian woman’s suicide by fire before husband’s expected death in battle.

Jesus. c6BC-c30. Jewish prophet, believed by Christians to be the Messiah, son of God. Crucified. Resurrected. Life and death were inspiration for Christianity.

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