Olivares, Conde de. 1587-1645. Spanish Prime Minister 1625-43. Policies of warfare, tax caused revolt.

Olive Branch Petition. 1775. Moderate Americans attempt to avoid war. Ignored by George III.

Opium Wars. 1839-42 Hong Kong ceded to Britain. 1856-60. French, British force China to open trade, legalize opium. Demonstrated European weapon superiority. Nanking Treaty.

Orange Free State. 1820 Boer colony. 1848 British. 1854 Independent. 1900 British. 1910 Union of South Africa. Boer War.

Oranges, War of. 1801. France and Spain defeat and divide Portugal.

Orff, Carl. 1895-1982. Modern German composer. Straightforward. Carmina Burana 1936.

Orléans, Philippe II, duc d’. 1674-1723. French soldier Wars of Grand Alliance, Spanish Succession. Regent for Louis XV.

Orléans, Siege. 1428-9. 8 month English siege ended by Joan of Arc. Turning point of 100 Years War.

Ormonde, Duke of. 1610-88. Irish Stuart supporter during Civil War.

Osceola. c1804-38. Seminole leader. Arrested at truce talks.

Oxford, Provisions of. 1258-66. Reforms barons forced on Henry III. Annulled, modified. Led to Provisions of Westminster, Barons War.

Pacific, War of. 1879-84. Chile wins land from Peru, Bolivia’s coastline.

Pacifism. Ethical, philosophical, or moral opposition to war or violence.

Paix des Dames. Cambrai Treaty. 1529. Francis I’s mother and Charles V’s aunt negotiate halt to Italian Wars.

Palatinate. 1156-. Region of south Germany ravaged during 30 Years War and War of Grand Alliance. Saar.

Palmerston, Lord. 1784-1865. English Whig Prime Minister 1855~65. Secretary of War 1809-28. Foreign Secretary 1830~51. Crimean War. American Civil War.

Palo Alto, Battle. 1846 US victory. First major battle of Mexican War.

Pan-Slavism. 19C Slavic unity movement. Caused Russo-Turkish War 1877.

Panmunjom. Site of Korean peace talks 1951-3.

Paraguayan War. 1864-70. Paraguay decimated by Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay. Reduced population from 525K to 193K women and 28K men.

Paris. Son of Priam. Carried Helen back to Troy, starting the Trojan Wars. Shot Achilles. Judged first beauty contest.

Paris, Congress. 1856. Austria, France, Britain, Russia, Ottomans, Sardinia end Crimean War.

Passarowitz, Treaty. 1718. Venice cedes Peloponnesus to Ottomans. Ends Turkish War.

Pastry War. 1838-9. France blockades Mexico. Wins cook’s 1828 damage claims.

Pathet Lao. 1950-91. Laotian communists vs French rule in Indochina.

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