Owens, Jesse. 1913-80. Black US athlete. 4 golds at 1936 Berlin Olympics contradicted Hitler’s Aryan supremacy.

Pan-African Congress. 1900~45. Promoted interests of blacks worldwide.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Patriotic Front. 1973-9. Guerillas for black power in Rhodesia. Mugabe. Nkomo.

Phocaea. Ionian city. Settled Anatolia 10C BC. Colonized Dardanelles, Mediterranean, Black Sea.

Poitiers, Battle. 732. Charles Martel halts invasion, saving Europe from Moslem rule. 1356. Edward the Black Prince defeats and captures John II. Brétigny Treaty.

Randolph, A. Philip. 1889-1979. US black civil rights/labor leader. March on Washington 1963.

Russo-Turkish Wars. 16-19C. Russia gains Black Sea to Balkans from crumbling Ottoman Empire in 10 wars. Assist Serb, Romanian independence. Crimean War.

Slavery. Babylon. Egypt. Greece. Rome. European colonies 1440s-19C. 1502 First blacks shipped to America. 1562- Trade. 1807 abolished in Britain, 1833 throughout Empire. 1816 Morocco abolished Christian slaves. 1851 Colombia, 1861 USA, 1930 Liberia. 2001 27M slaves in Mauritania, Sudan, Asia, Brazil.

Smith, Ian. 1919-. S.Rhodesian Prime Minister 1964-79. Unilateral Declaration of Independence. 1965. Fought black rights.

Soweto. 1976 Violent riots in Black South Africa township over compulsory Afrikaans in schools. 236-600 dead.

SS. 1928-1945. Nazi police reporting directly to Hitler. Blackshirts. Gestapo. Himmler. SA.

Symplegades. Cyanean Rocks. Cliffs at entrance to Black Sea. Crushed ships until Jason and Argonauts slipped through.

Teach, Edward. =Blackbeard.

Toussaint L’Ouverture, Francois. c1743-1803. Haitian rebel. Helped French expel Britain, Spain. Emancipated slaves. Established black governed French protectorate.

Voting Rights Act. 1965. US eliminates tests that disqualified black voters.

Washington, Booker T. 1856-1915. US black educator: Up from Slavery 1901.

West, Nathanael. 1903-40. US novelist. Absurd, black humour. Miss Lonelyhearts 1933. Day of the Locusts 1939.

Whistler, James. 1834-1903. US painter. Use of light and color influenced abstract art. Arrangement in Black and Grey, No 1 (Whistler’s Mother) 1871.

Auschwitz. 1940-45. German death camp in Poland. 1-4 million killed. Final Solution.

Bataan Death March. 1942. Japanese force 60 mile march; 54 of 70,000 prisoners arrive.

Bichat, Xavier. 1771-1802. French anatomist. “Life is the sum of the forces that restrict death.”

Britten, Benjamin. 1913-76. Influential English composer of operas and symphonies. Paul Bunyan 1941. Billy Budd 1951. War Requiem 1962. Death in Venice 1973.

Cassander. c354-297BC. Macedonian King. Fought for control after Alexander’s death. Diadochi.

Christian Science. 1879. Founded by Eddy. Death, illness are illusions to be overcome by faith.

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