Big Bang. 15 billion BCE. Scientifically accepted origin of Universe.

Lemaître, Georges. 1894-1966. Belgian cosmologist. Big Bang theory of creation 1927.

Albigenses. (Cathars). Southern French ascetic Neo-Manichean heretic Christian sect. Eliminated by 13th Crusade, 1208-1229 and Inquisition.

Aubigné, Agrippa d’. 1552-1630. French satirical writer and poet: Tragiques.

Bertha of the Big Foot. -783. Mother of Charlemagne.

Big Stick Policy. Roosevelt’s foreign policy. Power as a deterrent. Mahan.

Cathars. 11-14C. Christian Gnostic heretic sect. Albigens. 1030 burned in Italy.

Chandler, Raymond. 1888-1959. US novelist. Big Sleep 1939. Detective Philip Marlow.

Crazy Horse. c1842-1877. Sioux Indian chief vs Custer at Little Bighorn.

Custer, George. 1839-76. US general killed at Little Bighorn.

Democratic Party. 1792-. Major US political party. Liberalism, populism vs big business.

Gillespie, Dizzy. 1917-93. US jazz, big band performer/leader. Founder of Bebop.

Halifax Explosion. 1917. French arms boat explodes in harbour. 2000 casualties. Biggest man-made explosion until Hiroshima.

Helgoland Bight, Battle. 1914. British defeat Germans in first WWI naval battle.

Impressionism. 1867-86. European art movement named 1874 for Monet’s Impression Sunrise. Direct from nature with colors to render surfaces and lighting effects. Rejected primacy of subject. Renoir, Pissarro, Degas, Cezanne, Manet. Music: 1892-1910. Restraint and ambiguity. Mood music. Debussy.

Lateran Councils. Roman Catholic church councils. 1123,39 vs Schism of Arnold of Brescia. 1179 Crusade vs Albigens. 1215 Crusade. 1512-17 Reform.

Liebig, Justus von. 1808-73. German chemist. Analysis of organic compounds, 1831. Agricultural chemistry, 1841. Chloroform 1831.

Little Bighorn, Battle. 1876. Sitting Bull led Sioux and Cheyenne defeat Custer’s cavalry.

Louis VIII. The Lionheart. 1187-1226. French King 1223-. Invaded England 1216-7. Albigensian Crusade 1226.

Manichaeism. 240-6C. Dualist ascetic Persian religion founded by Mani (-274) combining Gnosticism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity. Man’s spirit is good, body is evil. Albigens, Cathars, Paulician.

Montfort, Simon de. c1165-1218. French leader of crusade against Albigenses. Conquered south France.

Muret, Battle. 1213. French nobles defeat Albigenses. Spanish influence ends in S France. Montfort.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Raymond VI. 1156-1222. Fought Albigenses in Crusade.

Sioux. Popular name for Dakota Confederation of American Indian tribes. Little Bighorn. Wounded Knee.

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