Albert I. 1875-1932. King of Belgians, 1909. Led army WWI. Introduced universal male suffrage.

Baudouin I. 1930-93. King of Belgium 1951-. Independent Congo.

Belgium. 150BC Celts. 51BC Rome. 3C Franks. 9C Lower Lorraine. 15C Burgundy. 1477 Hapsburg. 1555 Spain. 1714 Austria. 1795 French. 1814 Austria. 1815 +Holland=United Netherlands. 1831 Independent kingdom. Neutrality guaranteed by Quintuple Treaty 1839. WWII Germans occupy. 1948 Benelux.

Benelux. 1948-93. Economic union of Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg. EU.

Brussels, Treaty. 1948. = Western Union. 50 year alliance of Britain, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands. 1954 + W Germany, Italy.

Congo. 1482 Portugal explore. 1880 French settle(N). 1885 Belgium(S). 1910 «French Equatorial Africa. 1960 Independent. 1971 =Zaire. 1997 =Democratic Republic of Congo. Mobutu.

European Union. 1958 European Economic Community (EEC) of Belgium, France, W Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands. To integrate economic development of members. 1967 =European Community (EC). 1973 +UK, Ireland, Denmark. 1981+Greece. 1985 -Greenland. 1986 +Spain, Portugal. 1990 +former E Germany. 1993 =European Union (EU). Maastricht Treaty. European Parliament. European Court of Justice.

Flanders. Historical region of France, Belgium, Neth. 13C Cloth industry. Ghent. Bruges.

Flemings. Dutch speakers of north Belgium. Walloon.

Gaul. Celtic populated region = modern France, Belgium, W Germany, N Italy.

General Strike. UK 1926, TUC supports miners for 9 days. Belgium 1893, 1902, for male suffrage. Sweden 1909, vs wage freeze for 1 month.

Golden Spurs, Battle. 1302. Courtrai, Belgium. Flemish craftsmen defeat French troops.

Jemmapes, Battle. 1792. Dumouriez defeats Austrians. French occupy Belgium.

Locarno Pact. 1925. Non-aggression treaty in Europe. Germany, France, Belgium, et al. Broken when Hitler occupied Rhineland,1936.

Low Countries. Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands.

Merovingians. 476-751. Frankish dynasty. Childeric founded; Clovis expanded empire to modern France, Germany, Belgium, N Italy. Austrasia, Neustria; 534+Burgundy. Clotaire. Carolingians.

Namur, Sieges. Belgium. 1692 French capture. 1695 Dutch, English take French. 1914 Germans capture.

NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1949- Collective defence alliance of Western European and North Atlantic countries to preserve democratic freedom. UK, Canada, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, US. 1952 Greece, Turkey, 1955 FRG. 1964 -Greece. 1966 -France. 1980 +Greece. 1982 +Spain. 1993 +France. 1999 +Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic. 2004 +Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Netherlands. Celts, Germans. 1C Rome. 400 Franks...Carolingian. 9C HRE. 1477 Hapsburg. 1555 Spain. 1581 Independent(N) = United Provinces. 1795 France. Batavian Republic. 1806 Kingdom of Holland. 1810 «France. 1815 United Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1830 -Belgium. 1940-45 Germans occupy.

Netherlands, Spanish. 1581-1714. = Belgium, Luxembourg.

Quintuple Treaty. 1839. Britain, France, Prussia, Austria, Russia guaranteed Belgian integrity. London Treaty.

Ramillies, Battle. 1706. Churchill wins most of Belgium for Britain from France.

Ruanda Urundi. Batwa. Bahuta. 14C Watusi. 1897 German East Africa. 1916 Belgium. 1923 League of Nations mandate 1962 Independent. Rwanda, Burundi.

Spanish Netherlands. 1581-1714. = Belgium, Luxembourg.

Vienna, Congress. 1814-15. Redrew map of Europe after Napoleon. Prussia gains Rhine, Westphalia. Swiss borders and neutrality confirmed. Netherlands created from Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg. Malta and Cape Colony ceded to Britain. Russia gets Poland. Austria trades Netherlands for north Italy. France reduced to 1792 borders. Metternich.

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