Mandela, Nelson. 1918-. South African anti-Apartheid ANC leader. Jailed 1962-90. President 94-99.

Mansart, Jules Hardouin-. 1646-1708. French architect, city planner. Dome Church 1677. Grand Trianon 1687. Place de Vendôme.

Mantua, Siege. 1796-7. Napoleon defeats Austria to rule Italy.

Mao Tse-tung. 1893-1976. Chinese Communist leader 1935-. Long March. Cultural Revolution.

Marais. Paris quarter reclaimed from swamp in 13C.

March on Washington. 1963. 200,000 in civil rights march led by King-“I have a dream”.

Marengo, Battle. 1800. Napoleon defeats Austria, gains Lombardy.

Marie Louise. 1791-1847. Daughter of Francis II. Married Napoleon...Empress of France 1810-15.

Marmont, Auguste. 1774-1852. French Marshal. Surrendered Paris 1814 causing Napoleon to abdicate.

Marsyas. Mythical Phrygian artist. Challenged Apollo to musical contest.

Martel, Charles. Charles Martel.

Martel, Édouard. 1859-1938. Creator of speleology.

Martello Towers. 1804. Swiss designed defensive towers on English coast against Napoleon.

Martha. Sister of Mary and Lazarus. Symbol of active life.

Martí, José. 1853-95. Led Cuban war vs Spain.

Martial, Marcus. c40-103. Roman epigrammatic poet.

Martin, St. c316-97. Bishop of Tours. Introduced monasticism to France. French patron saint.

Martin I, St. Pope 649-55. Convoked Lateran Council to debate Monothelitism.

Martin V. 1368-1431. Pope 1417-. Election ended Great Schism.

Martov, L. 1873-1923. Russian Menshevik leader.

Mary Stuart. 1542-87. Queen of Scots 1542-67. Abdicated. Married Francis II. Queen of France 1559-60. Married Darnley 1565. Married Bothwell 1567, causing Scottish Revolt. Beheaded with Babington by Elizabeth I. Mother of James I.

Massachussets Bay Co. 1620-84. English charter company established Theocracy in Mass. Charter annulled 1684. Plymouth Colony.

Materialism. All nature is describable as moving particles. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Büchner. Diderot. Hobbes. Marx. Epicureans.

Mathieu, Albert. 1802. Suggested English Channel Tunnel to Napoleon.

Matsuoka, Yosuke. 1880-1946. Japanese foreign minister 1940. Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy.

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