Honegger, Arthur. 1892-1955. Swiss/French modern composer. Joan of Arc 1935. Les Six.

Hospitallers, Knights. 11C-. Order of St. John. First devoted to aid of pilgrims to Holy Land. Prominent in crusades. Bought Rhodes 1309. Expelled by Ottomans, 1522. Given Malta by Charles V, 1530. Expelled by Napoleon, 1798. = Knights of Malta.

Hu Yaobang. 1915-89. Liberal Chinese Communist Party chairman. Death led to Tiananmen demonstrations.

Huguenots. 1510-18C. Persecuted French Calvinist Protestants. 300,000 expelled 1685. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. Wars of Religion. Edict of Nantes. Henry of Navarre. Declaration of Rights of Man, 1789.

Humanae Vitae. 1968. Pope Paul VI Encyclical against artificial birth control.

Hundred Days. 1815. March 20 to July 8; Napoleon’s escape from Elba to his second abdication. 1933. Began Roosevelt’s administration. New Deal enacted.

Hundred Flowers Movement. China. 1956-7. Increased freedom of intellectuals. Criticism of Party led to backlash.

Ibn Tumart. c1080-1130. Berber leader. Demanded moral reform. Founded Almohad Confederation.

Ictinus. 5C BC. Greek artist/architect. Parthenon.

Idealism. Artistic school of thought holding the aesthetic ideal more important than the representation of the subject. vs Realism.

Ignatius of Antioch, St. -c107. Syrian martyr. Clarified Catholic beliefs. -“Catholic Church”.

Impressionism. 1867-86. European art movement named 1874 for Monet’s Impression Sunrise. Direct from nature with colors to render surfaces and lighting effects. Rejected primacy of subject. Renoir, Pissarro, Degas, Cezanne, Manet. Music: 1892-1910. Restraint and ambiguity. Mood music. Debussy.

Income Tax. Britain: 1193 Walter to ransom Richard I. 1799-1815 To finance war vs Napoleon. 10% over £200; 1842 Peel 3%. US: 1862-72 3% over $800 (5% if outside US); 1913 over $3000 only.

Independent Labour Party. 1893. Britain. Founded by Hardie....Labour Party 1906.

India. North: c2500BC Indus valley civilization. c2000BC Aryans invade. 6C Achaemenid. 5C Persia. 326 Alexander(NW). c300 Maurya Empire. 2C BC Greek, Parthian, Kushan invade. 1C AD Kushan. c320 Gupta Empire. 6C Divided. 5-15C Huns, Arabs, Persians invade 12C Moslem. 1526 Mogul. South: 3000BC Dravidian civilization. 12-13C Rashtrakutas, Cholas. 14C Moslem inv. 15C Vijayanagar Empire. 1498 daGama discovers sea route. 18C British East India Co. 1858 British Empire. 1947 Independent. 1950 Republic.

Indian Independence Act. 1947. Freed and partitioned India/Pakistan.

Indian National Congress. 1885-. Congress Party.

Innocent XI. 1611-89. Pope 1676-. 4 Articles on Gallicanism, 1673.

Institute of France. 226 members. Comprises Académie Française, 1635; Inscriptions and Belle Lettres, 1663; Science, 1666; Fine Arts 1795; Political Science, 1832. Four Nations.

Interactionism. Descartes. False idea that the mind affects body through pineal gland.

Intolerable Acts. 1774. British response to Boston Tea Party, Gaspee burning. Closed Boston Harbor. Established military government. Midwest under Quebec rule...Continental Congress.

Invalides. 1670-7. Louis XIV built to house 4,000 invalid soldiers. Architect: Bruant, dome by Mansart. Tomb of Napoleon.

Irish Partition. 1921. Irish Free State established; 6 NE counties elect to stay British.

Iron Guard. 1924-41. Romanian anti-semite fascist party.

Irrationalism. 19C. Philosophy stressing instinct over reason. Schopenhauer.

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