Adrian IV. c1100-59. Only English pope 1150-. Crowned Barbarossa.

Alans. Barbarians. Overrun by Huns; invaded Gaul in 406.

Alboin. -572. Germanic Lombard King. Allied Germanic tribes and conquered N Italy.

Aljubarrota, Battle. 1385. Confirmed Portugal’s independence from Castile.

Amiens, Mise of. 1264. Louis IX arbitrated annulment of Provisions of Oxford. Barons War.

Amram bar Shishna. -875. Hebrew scholar. Oldest prayer book. Seder Rab Amram.

Antigua. Carib. 1493 Columbus discovers. 1632 English settle. 18C slave trade. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1967 Self-government. 1981 Independent +Barbuda.

Antigua and Barbuda. 1981 Independent Antigua and Barbuda.

Arion. Greek bard rescued by dolphin.

Bagehot, Walter. 1826-77. English social scientist/ essayist. The English Constitution 1867. Physics and Politics 1872. Lombard St. 1873.

Balkans. Inhabited c6000BC. 6C BC Illyria. 148BC Rome(Illyricum)(N). 285 Byzantine(E). 4-7C Goths, Avars, Huns, Ostrogoths, Lombards, Slavs, Bulgars, Serbs invade. 890 Bulgar Empire. 1159 Serbian empire. 1389 Ottoman. 1699 Austria(E,N)/Venice(S,W). 19C Eastern Question. Albania. Bosnia-Herzegovina. Bulgaria. Croatia. Greece. Macedonia. Montenegro. Romania. Serbia. Slovenia. Yugoslavia.

Bar, Confederation of. 1768-72. Polish RC nobles vs Russian hegemony.

Bara, Joseph. 1779-93. French Republican child hero.

Barabbas. Thief freed by crowd instead of Jesus.

Barbados. Arawak. 1518 Portugal discovers. 1627 English settle. 1966 Independent.

Barbara, St. c200. Maiden martyr at father’s hands, who was struck by lightning. Patron St. of artillerymen.

Barbarians. Greek = foreigners. Roman term for Goths, Huns and Vandals who conquered Western Empire 3-6C.

Barbarossa, Operation. 1941. German invasion of USSR.

Barbarossa II. 1466-1546. Turkish pirate. Conquered Algiers 1518, Tunis 1534.

Barbary. 16-19C. Name given to North African coast. Berbers.

Barbary Piracy. 1518-1830. G. Washington pays $1M to free enslaved seamen 1796. US attacks Tripoli 1815. French sieze Algiers, 1830.

Barbès, Armand. 1809-70. French Republican.

Barbey d’Aurevilly, Jules. 1808-89. French dandy, social critic.Diaboliques 1874.

Barbizon. 19C French objective style of painting landscapes from nature; influenced Impressionists. Millet, Diaz.

Barbuda. 1628 British Colony. 1680 Cordington family possession. 19C British Crown Colony. 1981 Independent Antigua and Barbuda.

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