Varna, Battles. 1444 Ottoman Turks defeat Hungarians, expand to Balkans. 1828 Russians defeat Turks.

World War I. 1914-18. Allies-France, British Empire, Russia, Italy, US(1917-) vs Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Caused by Nationalist movements, Balkan instability, trade rivalry, alliances. 30M casualties. First tanks, chemical, planes, submarines. Ended Russian, Ottoman, Austria-Hungarian Empires.

Yugoslavia. Balkans. 1918 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, Slovenes. 1929 =Yugoslavia. 1929-31 Dictatorship. 1941-45 Italy, Germany occupy. 1945 Socialist Federation of Republics. 1948 Broke Soviet ties. 1991 -Croatia, Slovenia, Civil war. Serbia. Croatia. Bosnia-Hercegovina. Slovenia. Macedonia. Montenegro. Tito. Kosovo.

Abyssinian War. 1935-6. Italy invades Ethiopia. League of Nations ineffective.

Achaean League. 5-4C BC. Greek towns in common defence against pirates in Gulf of Corinth. 280-146BC. Model for federal government. Created to fight Macedonia. Dissolved by Romans.

Aetolian League. 4-2C BC. Confederation of Greek city states, led by Thebes.

Aga Khan III. 1877-1957. Indian Moslem leader. President, League of Nations, Gen Assembly, 1937.

Alboin. -572. Germanic Lombard King. Allied Germanic tribes and conquered N Italy.

Alcibiades. c450-404BC. Athenian egoist general, Peloponnesian War. Murdered.

Anjala League. 1788-89. Swedish, Finnish officers conspire vs Gustav III to end Russo-Swedish War.

Anti-Corn Law League. 1839-46. Cobden and Bright’s pacifist movement for Free Trade, public education, against social reform and Chartists. Corn Laws.

Anti-Saloon League. 1893 US Temperance organization. Prohibition.

Arab League. 1945. Non-aggression and cooperation treaty of Arab states. Collective Treaty of Defence, 1950, to defend against Israeli aggression.

Arcadian League. 370-362BC. Union of states vs Sparta.

Athenian League. 378-338BC. Refounded Delian League. War with Sparta 378-371BC.

Augsburg League. 1686-9. Holy Roman Empire and allies vs France. Replaced by Grand Alliance.

Awami League. 1954-71. For Bangladesh independence. Rahman.

Barricades, Day of the. 1588. Paris. Catholic League rebels vs Henry III.

Besant, Annie. 1847-1933. English Theosophist. Founded Indian Home Rule League 1916.

Boeotian League. 550-335BC. Federal government formed by Thebes. Opposed Sparta in Corinthian War. Defeated by Philip of Macedonia, 338. Destroyed by Alexander the Great, 335.

Bourgeois, Léon. 1851-1925. French statesman. League of Nations.

Boycott, Charles. 1832-97. English land agent boycotted in Ireland, 1879. Land League.

Breitenfeld, Battles. 1631,42. Swedish victories over Catholic League in 30 Years War. Sweden a great power.

Bright, John. 1811-89. English Quaker MP: Free Trade Movement. Cobden. Anti-Corn Law.

Buisson, Ferdinand. 1841-1932. French educator. Founded League of Human Rights 1898.

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