Holy Roman Empire. 962-1806. Germanic Empire with elected king. Successor to Western Roman Empire. Geographically: Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, Austria; most of Italy, Bohemia; part of France. Hapsburg. Austrian Empire.

Jemmapes, Battle. 1792. Dumouriez defeats Austrians. French occupy Belgium.

Kokoschka, Oskar. 1886-1980. Austrian Expressionist painter, writer.

Kolin, Battle. 1757. Austrian victory forced Prussia to abandon Bohemia.

Landsteiner, Karl. 1868-1943. Austrian/US. Discovered ABO blood types 1901, Rh factor 1940.

Laudon, Gideon. 1717-90. Estonian/Austrian Hapsburg field marshal in Seven Years War.

Lorenz, Konrad. 1903-89. Austrian zoologist. Father of ethology. Man Meets Dog 1954.

Luxembourg. 1C BC Rome. 459 Franks. 963 Independent county «Holy Roman Empire. 1354 Duchy. 1443 Burgundy. 1472~1795 Hapsburg. 1555 Spanish. 1684 French. 1697 Spanish. 1714 Austrian. 1795 French. 1815 Dutch «German Confederation. 1839 Belgian(W)/Autonomous. 1867 Independent neutral. 1914-18, 1940-44 German occupation. 1948 Neutrality ends.

Mahler, Gustav. 1860-1911. Austrian classical Romantic symphony composer. Bridged gap between Romantics and atonalists. Resurrection Symphony 1894.

Maximilian. 1832-67. Austrian archduke, Emperor of Mexico 1864-7. Francis-Joseph’s brother.

Meitner, Lise. 1878-1968. Austrian. First uranium fission 1938.

Mendel, Gregor. 1822-84. Austrian abbot, botanist. Studied heredity. Genetics 1865.

Mesmer, Friedrich. 1734-1815. Austrian hypnotist. “animal magnetism” 1767. Earliest psychotherapist.

Metternich, Fürst von. 1773-1859. Austrian prince, chancellor, defender of Absolutism. Quadruple Alliance vs Napoleon. Holy Alliance. Architect of Vienna Congress, 1814.

Netherlands, Austrian. 1714-94.

Novara. 1513. Swiss defeat French. 1849. Austrians defeat Sardinians.

Pauli, Wolfgang. 1900-58. Austrian/US physicist. Exclusion Principle 1925. Neutrinos 1931.

Popper, Karl. 1902-94. Austrian/British philosopher. Objective knowledge. All knowledge grows from conjecture and refutation. Social advance made one step at a time.

Preminger, Otto. 1906-86. Austrian/US film director, producer.

Quadrilateral. Austrian fortresses: Legnago, Mantua, Verona, Peschiera.

Renner, Karl. 1870-1950. Austrian republican leader and president. Supported union with Germany before WWII.

Revolutions of 1848. Vienna, Prague, Venice. Romanticism, economic problems, bad harvest, unrest within Austrian Empire led to concessions, abdication of Emperor Ferdinand I.

Rilke, Rainer. 1875-1926. Czech/Austrian writer: Duino Elegies 1922. Sonnets to Orpheus 1923.

Salieri, Antonio. 1750-1825. Austrian court composer. Operas.

Salten, Felix. 1869-1945. Austrian writer. Bambi 1923.

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