Mantua, Siege. 1796-7. Napoleon defeats Austria to rule Italy.

Marengo, Battle. 1800. Napoleon defeats Austria, gains Lombardy.

Maria Theresa. 1717-80. Hapsburg Empress of Austria-Hungary 1740-. War of Austrian Succession.

Maximilian. 1832-67. Austrian archduke, Emperor of Mexico 1864-7. Francis-Joseph’s brother.

Maximilian II. 1811-64. Bavarian king 1848-. Tried to create a Bavarian-led alliance. Opposed by Prussia, Austria.

Mediterranean Agreements. 1887-92. Britain, Spain, Italy, Austria-Hungary. To preserve status quo.

Meitner, Lise. 1878-1968. Austrian. First uranium fission 1938.

Mendel, Gregor. 1822-84. Austrian abbot, botanist. Studied heredity. Genetics 1865.

Mesmer, Friedrich. 1734-1815. Austrian hypnotist. “animal magnetism” 1767. Earliest psychotherapist.

Metternich, Fürst von. 1773-1859. Austrian prince, chancellor, defender of Absolutism. Quadruple Alliance vs Napoleon. Holy Alliance. Architect of Vienna Congress, 1814.

Milan. c400BC Celtic. 222BC Rome. 539 Goths destroy. 12C Independent. 1277 Visconti. 1450 Sforzas. 1535 Spain. 1713 Austria. 1797 Napoleon. 1815 Austria. 1859 Sardinia. 1861 Italy.

Netherlands, Austrian. 1714-94.

Nikolsburg, Treaty. 1621. Austria regained Hungarian crown, Transylvania enlarged.

Novara. 1513. Swiss defeat French. 1849. Austrians defeat Sardinians.

Olmütz, Treaty. 1850. Restored German Confederation under Austria.

Pannonia. c35BC Roman province. Hungary, Austria, north Yugoslavia, Slovakia.

Paris, Congress. 1856. Austria, France, Britain, Russia, Ottomans, Sardinia end Crimean War.

Pauli, Wolfgang. 1900-58. Austrian/US physicist. Exclusion Principle 1925. Neutrinos 1931.

Plombières Agreement. 1858. Napoleon III agrees to support Cavour (Piedmont) vs Austria in return for Savoy and Nice.

Poland. c2000BC Slavs settle. 9C Tribes unite. 966 =Poland. Mieszko I. 1038 Piast dynasty. 1386 +Lithuania. 1572- Kings elected, weak. 1772,93,95. Partitioned by Russia(E), Austria(SW), Prussia(NW). 1815 Congress Kingdom (Russia). 1918 Independent republic. 1926 Dictatorship. 1939 Germany/Russia occupy. 1941 Germany. 1945 Independent. 1947 Communist. 1952 People’s Republic. 1989 Free elections. Solidarity.

Poland, Partitions of. 1772 Russia, Prussia, Austria take a third each. 1793 Russia, Prussia invade to restore conservative rule. 1795 After revolt, Austria, Prussia, Russia. divide remainder.

Polish Succession, War of. 1733-38. Russia, Austria defeat Poland, France, Spain; place Augustus III on throne.

Popper, Karl. 1902-94. Austrian/British philosopher. Objective knowledge. All knowledge grows from conjecture and refutation. Social advance made one step at a time.

Pragmatic Sanction. 1713. Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI declares Maria Theresa as heir causing War of Austrian Succession.

Prague, Battle. 1757. Austria defeats Prussia in Seven Years War.

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