Okubo, Toshimichi. 1830-78. Japanese statesman. Meiji Restoration. Westernized Japan.

Old Ironsides. 1797. US frigate Constitution. Tripolitan War. War of 1812.

Old Testament. 10C BC. Hebrew portion of Bible. Apocrypha. Latin Vulgate.

Oldenbarneveldt, Jan van. 1547-1619. Dutch statesman vs Spanish occupation. Negotiated Treaty of Utrecht.

Oleg. -c912. Varangian prince of Kiev, founded Rus state.

Olive Branch Petition. 1775. Moderate Americans attempt to avoid war. Ignored by George III.

Omar. 581-644. Second Moslem caliph. Invaded Syria, Egypt, Persia. Established taxation.

Omdurman, Battle. 1898. British defeat Mahdi, dominate Sudan.

Oñate, Juan de. -1630. Spanish explorer of southwest US.

OPEC. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. 1961- International cartel sets prices by controlling supply. Created oil shortage 1973.

Opium Wars. 1839-42 Hong Kong ceded to Britain. 1856-60. French, British force China to open trade, legalize opium. Demonstrated European weapon superiority. Nanking Treaty.

Orange Free State. 1820 Boer colony. 1848 British. 1854 Independent. 1900 British. 1910 Union of South Africa. Boer War.

Orléans, Louis, duc d’. 1372-1407. Began Armagnac/Burgundy conflict. Assassinated by supporters of John the Fearless.

Orléans, Louis Philippe, duc d’. 1747-93. Became Citizen Égalité 1892. Joined Third Estate. Father of King Louis-Philippe.

Orlov, Grigory, Count. 1734-83. Russian lover of Catherine II; led coup vs Peter III. Advocated liberating Christians from Ottoman rule.

Osama bin Laden. 1957-. Wahabi Saudi Arabian construction magnate turned terrorist. World Trade Center. Taliban. al-Qaeda.

Osler, William. 1849-1919. Canadian/British physician. Blood platelets 1873. Principles and Practice of Medicine 1892.

OSS. Office of Strategic Services. 1942-45. Precursor to CIA.

Ottawa Conference. 1932. British Empire creates Imperial Preference during Depression.

Oxford University. 1115. Celebrated center of English learning. Charter 1214. Modelled on University of Paris.

Paix des Dames. Cambrai Treaty. 1529. Francis I’s mother and Charles V’s aunt negotiate halt to Italian Wars.

Pakistan. 25C BC Indus civilization. 15C BC Aryan. 6C Achaemenid. 326 Alexander. 4C BC Maurya Empire. c50 AD Kushan. 4C Gupta. 5C Hun. 8C Moslem. 11C Turks. 1206 Delhi Sultanate. 1526 Mogul. 1780 Sikh. 1840 British India. 1947 Independent. 1956 Islamic Republic. 1971 -Bangladesh.

Palatinate. 1156-. Region of south Germany ravaged during 30 Years War and War of Grand Alliance. Saar.

Pale. Region of a country subject to separate laws or government. 1171-16C part of Ireland subject to English rule. Pale of Settlement 1792-1917, Jews in Russia.

Paleologus. Byzantine dynasty 1259-1453. Ousted crusader kings. Defeated by Turks.

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