Athanasius, St. c296-373. Bishop of Alexandria: advocated Doctine of Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Ghost) vs divinity of Christ. Council of Nicaea.

Athelstan. 895-939. First king of all England 925-. Regulated Royal Mint 928.

Atropos. Fate of the inevitable, cut the string of life.

Attila. 406-453. Leader of the Huns. 434 attacked Gaul, defeated at Catalonia in 451. “The Scourge of God”.

Augustine, St. 354-430. Author of Confessions, City of God. Bishop of Hippo. “God is omnipotent.” Introduced Neoplatonic Determinism to Christianity. Church should rule state.

Augustus. Octavian. 63BC-14 AD. 2nd Triumvirate. First Roman Emperor. Pax Romana-Peaceful reign: Virgil, Horace.

Aurignacian. Late Paleolithic art period.

Austrian State Treaty, 1955. Ended Allied occupation of Austria.

Avars. 6-8C. Nomadic Caucasus tribe defeated by Charlemagne.

Avernus. Crater lake, believed by Romans to be Hell’s entrance.

Ayyubids. Sunni Caliphate dynasty in Egypt 1169-1250. Also in Yemen, Syria.

Babylonia. c8000BC Tigris-Euphrates Civ’n. 1792-50BC Hammurabi’s emp. c1530 Kassite. 11C Aramaen, Assyrian. 625 Chaldean. 538 Achaemenid. 331BC Alexander.

Bacon, Francis. 1561-1626. English chancellor and philosopher. First king’s counsel. Favoured inductive over deductive reasoning. Separated Science from religion. New Atlantis 1625. B. Scientific method: Novum Organum 1620. Essays 1625.

Bacon, Roger. 1214-94. English Franciscan monk. Advocated scientific experiment, observation. Alchemist. Formulated gunpowder. Magnifying glass 1250. Opus Majus 1266.Telescope.

Bactria. c1500BC Aryan. 545BC Persia. 328BC Alexander. 256BC-140 Graeco-Bactria. Badakhshan. 7C Moslem. 1220 Genghis Khan. Now Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.

Baden. 1112 Margravate. 1771 Grand Duchy. 1848 Republic. 1871 German Empire. 1918 Republic. 1934 Germany.

Bahrain. 1521 Portugal. 1602 Persia. 1783 Khalifa dynasty. 1861 British protectorate. 1971 Independent.

Baku Ru. 1192-19C Japanese Shogunate government.

Bakunin, Mikhail. 1814-76. Russian anarchist revolutionary. International movement. Advocated assassination. Dieu et l’état 1871.

Balewa, Abubakar. 1912-66. First Nigerian Prime Minister 1957-. Assassinated by Ibos.

Balliol, John. c1249-1315. King of Scotland 1292-6. Defeated, deposed by Edward I.

Baltic States. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.

Baltic Wars of Liberation. 1918-20. Established independent states of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.

Bancroft, George. 1800-91. “Father of American history”. History of United States 1834-74.

Baptism. Purification by water as practised by a wide variety of religions.

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