Croce, Benedetto. 1866-1952. Italian statesman, philosopher. Opposed fascism.

Cross, Richard. 1823-1914. British statesman: First urban renewal act.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Cubism, Synthetic. 1913. Braque and Picasso create a collage form of painting.

Cyprus. Stone, Bronze Age civilizations. 1450BC Egypt. 1200BC Greek. 1000 Phoenicia. 709 Assyria. 569 Egypt. 6C Persia. 333 Macedonia. 294 Egypt. 47BC Rome...330 AD Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 1191 Crusaders. 1489 Venice. 1571 Turk. 1878 British lease...1914 Britain annexes. 1927 Crown Colony. 1960 Republic. 1963-4 Civil War, Greece and Turkey intervene. 1974 Turkey invades, partition.

Cyril and Methodius, Sts. -c869/885. Apostles of Slavs. Translated liturgy, invented Cyrillic alphabet.

Cyrus. -529BC. Founded Persian Empire 550-. Defeated Babylonia 539BC. Freed Jews.

Czechoslovakia Intervention. 1968. Russian troops end Dubcek reform policies. Warsaw Pact maintains right to intervene anywhere Socialism is threatened.

Dada. Anarchistic, deliberately shocking “non-art” begun in Zurich, 1916. Led to Surrealism. Arp. Duchamp. Ernst.

Daigo II. 1287-1339. Japanese Emperor 1318-. Failed to ovethrow Shogunate. Exiled.

Dampier, William. 1651-1715. First English scientific explorer. Pirate, 1678-91. New Voyage Round the World, 1697.

Danton, Georges. 1759-94. French Cordelier, Jacobin. Girondin leader 1792-3. Defeated foreign interveners. Executed by Robespierre.

Darius I. 550-486BC. Persian King 522-. Defeated by the Greeks at Marathon after expanding empire. Great builder and administrator.

Darius III. Last Persian King, 335-330BC. Beaten by Alexander the Great.

Darlan, François. 1881-1942. French admiral. Built navy 1933-40. Collaborated with Germany, 1941-2, then Americans. Assassinated.

Darnley, Lord. 1545-67. 2nd husband of Mary Queen of Scots. Assassinated.

Darwin, Charles. 1809-1882. English Naturalist. His Theory of Evolution supported Materialism. Origin of Species by Natural Selection 1859. Descent of Man 1871.

David. King of Isreal 1015-c962BC. Killed Goliath, defeated Philistines. Conquered Jerusalem. United Israel. Author of psalms.

Davies, William. 1871-1940. Welsh peripatetic poet. Autobiography of a Super-Tramp 1907.

Davis, Jefferson. 1808-89. US Confederate president during Civil War.

Dawes, Charles. 1865-1951. US statesman. Dawes Plan.

De La Tour, George. 1593-1652. French Caravaggist painter. Cheater with the Ace of Diamonds.

De Quincey, Thomas. 1785-1859. English essayist. Confessions of an English Opium Eater 1821.

De Valéra, Eamon. 1882-1975. US/Irish mathematician. Led Easter Uprising. Led Sinn Fein, 1917-26. Founded Fianna Fáil 1926. Prime Minister of Irish Free State, 1931~59. President 59-73.

Decazes, Elie, duc de. 1780-1860. Minister of Louis XVIII. Moderate leader.

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