Paris, Congress. 1856. Austria, France, Britain, Russia, Ottomans, Sardinia end Crimean War.

Pauli, Wolfgang. 1900-58. Austrian/US physicist. Exclusion Principle 1925. Neutrinos 1931.

Plombières Agreement. 1858. Napoleon III agrees to support Cavour (Piedmont) vs Austria in return for Savoy and Nice.

Poland. c2000BC Slavs settle. 9C Tribes unite. 966 =Poland. Mieszko I. 1038 Piast dynasty. 1386 +Lithuania. 1572- Kings elected, weak. 1772,93,95. Partitioned by Russia(E), Austria(SW), Prussia(NW). 1815 Congress Kingdom (Russia). 1918 Independent republic. 1926 Dictatorship. 1939 Germany/Russia occupy. 1941 Germany. 1945 Independent. 1947 Communist. 1952 People’s Republic. 1989 Free elections. Solidarity.

Poland, Partitions of. 1772 Russia, Prussia, Austria take a third each. 1793 Russia, Prussia invade to restore conservative rule. 1795 After revolt, Austria, Prussia, Russia. divide remainder.

Polish Succession, War of. 1733-38. Russia, Austria defeat Poland, France, Spain; place Augustus III on throne.

Popper, Karl. 1902-94. Austrian/British philosopher. Objective knowledge. All knowledge grows from conjecture and refutation. Social advance made one step at a time.

Pragmatic Sanction. 1713. Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI declares Maria Theresa as heir causing War of Austrian Succession.

Prague, Battle. 1757. Austria defeats Prussia in Seven Years War.

Preminger, Otto. 1906-86. Austrian/US film director, producer.

Pressburg, Treaty. 1805. Austria loses in Napoleonic Wars. Cedes land to France.

Quadrilateral. Austrian fortresses: Legnago, Mantua, Verona, Peschiera.

Quadruple Alliance. 1718. Austria, France, Britain, Dutch Republic. Defeated Spain’s attack on Sicily. 1813,15. Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia. Enforced Treaty of Paris. 1834 France, Britain, Portugal, Spain. Supported Isabella II vs Carlist claims.

Quintuple Treaty. 1839. Britain, France, Prussia, Austria, Russia guaranteed Belgian integrity. London Treaty.

Renner, Karl. 1870-1950. Austrian republican leader and president. Supported union with Germany before WWII.

Revolutions of 1848. Vienna, Prague, Venice. Romanticism, economic problems, bad harvest, unrest within Austrian Empire led to concessions, abdication of Emperor Ferdinand I.

Rilke, Rainer. 1875-1926. Czech/Austrian writer: Duino Elegies 1922. Sonnets to Orpheus 1923.

Rudolf. 1858-89. Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne. Died mysteriously. Declared a suicide.

Ruthenia. 1321 Lithuania. 1772 Russ/Austria-Hungary. 1920 Czechoslovakia. 1939 Hungary. 1945 = Transcarpathian Ukraine (USSR).

Rütli Oath. 3 Swiss cantons vow to rebel vs Austria.

Salieri, Antonio. 1750-1825. Austrian court composer. Operas.

Salten, Felix. 1869-1945. Austrian writer. Bambi 1923.

Sardinia. 6C BC Carthage. 238BC Rome. 435 Vandal. 534 Byzantine Empire. 10C Saracen. 1016 Pisa. 1189 Hohenstaufen +Piedmont. 1326 Aragon. 1713 Austria. 1720 Savoy Kingdom. 1796 France. 1815 +Genoa. 1861 Italy. Sardinian Victor-Emmanuel became king of Italy.

Saxe, Maurice, comte de. 1696-1750. French commander, War of Austrian Succession.

Schoenberg, Arnold. 1874-1951. Austrian/US pioneer of atonal twelve-note method-key to recent musical advances. Five Piano Pieces 1923.

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