League of 3 Emperors. 1872. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia for defence vs France.

Liechtenstein. 5C Alemanni. Franks. 1342 Independent. 1396 HRE. 1719 Principality «HRE. 1806 Rhine Confederation.1815 German Confederation. 1852 Customs Union with Austria 1923 Customs Union with Switzerland.

Lodi, Battle. 1796. Napoleon defeats Austria in Italy.

Lombardy. 5C BC Celt. c200BC Rome. 5C Ostrogoth. 568 Lombards. 774 Charlemagne. 9C Independent towns. 962 HRE. 12C L League. 1337 Milan. 1535 Spain 1713 Austria. 1796 French republic. 1814 Austria. 1859 Italy.

Lorenz, Konrad. 1903-89. Austrian zoologist. Father of ethology. Man Meets Dog 1954.

Lunéville, Treaty. 1801. Austria quit French Revolutionary War. Pope Pius VII restored.

Luxembourg. 1C BC Rome. 459 Franks. 963 Independent county «Holy Roman Empire. 1354 Duchy. 1443 Burgundy. 1472~1795 Hapsburg. 1555 Spanish. 1684 French. 1697 Spanish. 1714 Austrian. 1795 French. 1815 Dutch «German Confederation. 1839 Belgian(W)/Autonomous. 1867 Independent neutral. 1914-18, 1940-44 German occupation. 1948 Neutrality ends.

Magenta, Battle. 1859. France, Piedmont defeat Austria creating Italian Unity. Carnage led to founding of Red Cross. Eponymous dye discovered 1859.

Mahler, Gustav. 1860-1911. Austrian classical Romantic symphony composer. Bridged gap between Romantics and atonalists. Resurrection Symphony 1894.

Mantua, Siege. 1796-7. Napoleon defeats Austria to rule Italy.

Marengo, Battle. 1800. Napoleon defeats Austria, gains Lombardy.

Maria Theresa. 1717-80. Hapsburg Empress of Austria-Hungary 1740-. War of Austrian Succession.

Maximilian. 1832-67. Austrian archduke, Emperor of Mexico 1864-7. Francis-Joseph’s brother.

Maximilian II. 1811-64. Bavarian king 1848-. Tried to create a Bavarian-led alliance. Opposed by Prussia, Austria.

Mediterranean Agreements. 1887-92. Britain, Spain, Italy, Austria-Hungary. To preserve status quo.

Meitner, Lise. 1878-1968. Austrian. First uranium fission 1938.

Mendel, Gregor. 1822-84. Austrian abbot, botanist. Studied heredity. Genetics 1865.

Mesmer, Friedrich. 1734-1815. Austrian hypnotist. “animal magnetism” 1767. Earliest psychotherapist.

Metternich, Fürst von. 1773-1859. Austrian prince, chancellor, defender of Absolutism. Quadruple Alliance vs Napoleon. Holy Alliance. Architect of Vienna Congress, 1814.

Milan. c400BC Celtic. 222BC Rome. 539 Goths destroy. 12C Independent. 1277 Visconti. 1450 Sforzas. 1535 Spain. 1713 Austria. 1797 Napoleon. 1815 Austria. 1859 Sardinia. 1861 Italy.

Netherlands, Austrian. 1714-94.

Nikolsburg, Treaty. 1621. Austria regained Hungarian crown, Transylvania enlarged.

Novara. 1513. Swiss defeat French. 1849. Austrians defeat Sardinians.

Olmütz, Treaty. 1850. Restored German Confederation under Austria.

Pannonia. c35BC Roman province. Hungary, Austria, north Yugoslavia, Slovakia.

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