Pobedonostev, Konstantin. 1827-1907. Russian. professor, tutor to Alexander III, Nicholas II. Pro-autocracy. “Parliaments are the great lie of our time.”

Pogrom. Attack on minority, usually Jews, sanctioned by government. 1881~1906 Russia. 1261 London. Poland, Germany during Hitler regime.

Ponte Vecchio. 1345. Florence. First segmented arch bridge in West.

Poor Law Commission. 1842. Chadwick recommends municipal clean water supply and sewage systems to prevent disease.

Pop Art. 1950-. Movement drawing from popular culture. Warhol. Lichtenstein.

Populist Movement. 1890s. US agrarian reform coalition.

Porte, Sublime. Constantinople Ottoman government.

Porter, Edwin. 1869/70-1941. US filmmaker. First dramatic editing -Great Train Robbery 1903; First US documentary -The Life of an American Fireman 1903.

Post-Impressionism. -1910. Modern art movement of solid color and forms as a reaction to Impressionism. Cezanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin.

Potsdam Agreement. 1945. Truman, Stalin, Attlee agree to draw up peace treaties, reduce German industrialization, restore democracy in Europe after WWII. Outlawed Nazism. Divided Germany.

Poujadism. 1954-8. French extreme right-wing political movement founded by Poujade. Gained tax concessions.

Poynings Laws. 1494. Irish Parliament Acts put English Laws in effect.

Pragmatism. 19-20C. Philosophy emphasizing experiment and practical utility. Pierce. James. Dewey. Schiller.

Preemption Act. 1841-91. US law allowed squatters on government land to buy 160 acres. Homestead.

Prehistoric. Period of Greek Art. 1500-1000BC. Mycenaeans created massive stone works, painted vases, bronze ornaments.

Pretoria Convention. 1881. Transvaal self-government under British suzerainty.

Pride’s Purge. 1648. Removal of 143 Presbyterian royalists from Parliament. Rump Parliament.

Prime Minister. =Premier. Head of parliamentary government under the head of state (monarch or president). Walpole (1721-42) considered first British Prime Minister. Richelieu 1624 France. Chancellor.

Privatization. 1980s. Sale to public of government enterprises. Nationalization.

Proclamation of 1763. Limited settlement west of Appalachians to appease Indians.

Profumo Affair. 1963. British War Minister Profumo and Christine Keeler, who also associated with Soviet attaché. Embarassed government.

Prohibition. 1920-33. US 18th Amendment. Alcoholic drinks illegal. Repealed by 21st. Temperance Movement.

Prokofiev, Sergei. 1891-1953. Russian Romantic opera and symphony composer, pianist. Strong folk element. Peter and the Wolf 1936.

Prophet. Old Testament Hebrew spiritual leader, divinely inspired spokesperson. Muhammad, Moses, Jeremiah, Isaiah, Jesus.

Protectorate. Sovereign state with agreement for protection from stronger state.

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