Capital Punishment. Abolished: 1863 Venezuela; 1870 Netherlands; 1877 Costa Rica; 1949 Germany; 1965 Britain; 1969 Vatican City; 1972 US (reinstated 1976); 1976 Canada; 1981 France; (96 countries). Retained: Iran, Iraq, N Korea, USA (95 countries).

Capuchin. 1525. Powerful Franciscan mendicant order of monks.

Carissimi, Giacomo. 1604-74. Italian oratorio composer. Widened orchestral instrument variety.

Carmelite. 1156- Mendicant friars. 1452- Nuns. 1562 vow of silence.

Carmen, Bliss. 1861-1929. Canadian lyric poet. Low tide on Grand Pré 1893. Daughters of Dawn 1913.

Carson, Edward. 1854-1935. Irish. Formed Ulster Volunteers to resist Home Rule.

Carter, Elliott. 1908-. US composer. Experimental approach to material and structure.

Casement, Roger. 1864-1916. Irish. Enlisted German aid for Irish Independence during WWI. Executed.

Cassini, Giovanni. 1625-1712. Italian astronomer. Movement of moon.

Catholic Emancipation Act. 1829. Catholics readmitted to English Parliament. Test Act. O’Connell.

Catolacus. 1C Roman settlement in Paris quarter of St-Denis.

Catt, Carrie. 1859-1947. US feminist leader. 19th Amendment.

Cavalier Parliament. 1661-79. Royalist. Repressive laws against Puritans and Catholics.

Cavaliere, Emilio del. c1550-1602. Added arias and choral movements to cantatas. Early dramatic music.

Cavour, Count. 1810-61. Founding editor Il Risorgimento, 1847-. First Prime Minister of united Italy 1852-. Plombieres.

Central African Republic. 1891 French colony 1910 «French Equatorial Africa. 1958 Self-government. 1960 Independent. 1976-79 Central African Empire.

Chamberlain, Neville. 1869-1940. English statesman, Prime Minister, 1937-40. Appeasement Policy towards Hitler. Munich Agreement.

Channel Tunnel. Mathieu conceived the idea in 1802. Begun 1880s. French-English agreements to proceed, 1964, 1985. Opened 1994.

Charles I. 1600-49. King of Great Britain and Ireland. 1625-. Attempted to rule without Parliament. Defeated in Civil War. Beheaded.

Chartists. 1836-58. British workers’ reform movement. Petitions 1838,40,48 for universal male suffrage, ballot vote led to riots 1839. Lovett.

Château Clique. Small merchant group dominated government of Lower Canada to 1830s.

Chaykovsky, Nikolai. 1850-1926. Russian Socialist. Opposed Bolsheviks. Led counterrevolutionary government 1918-20.

Chicherin, Georgi. 1872-1936. Russian diplomat. Won recognition for Communist government.

Chkheidze, Nikolai. 1864-1926. Russ. Menshevik leader.

Christian X. Danish king 1912-47. Symbol of Danish Resistance. Imprisoned by Nazis 1943-5. Women’s vote 1915. Independent Iceland 1918.

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