Avignon Papacy. 1309-77. Popes from Clement V based in Avignon, France. Great Schism.

Axis Pact. 1936-45. German-Italian Agreement, 1936. Cooperative alliance maintained through WWII. Allied with Spain, 1939; Japan, 1936. Yugoslavia 1941. Tripartite Pact.

Ayyubids. Sunni Caliphate dynasty in Egypt 1169-1250. Also in Yemen, Syria.

Babbage, Charles. 1792-1871. British. Invented Difference Engine, 1823-34 -first computer. Founded British Association for the Advancement of Science 1831, Royal Astronomical Society 1820, Royal Statistical Society 1834.

Babylonia. c8000BC Tigris-Euphrates Civ’n. 1792-50BC Hammurabi’s emp. c1530 Kassite. 11C Aramaen, Assyrian. 625 Chaldean. 538 Achaemenid. 331BC Alexander.

Bacon, Roger. 1214-94. English Franciscan monk. Advocated scientific experiment, observation. Alchemist. Formulated gunpowder. Magnifying glass 1250. Opus Majus 1266.Telescope.

Baker, Herbert. 1862-1946. English architect: Pretoria government buildings; New Delhi.

Baku Ru. 1192-19C Japanese Shogunate government.

Bakunin, Mikhail. 1814-76. Russian anarchist revolutionary. International movement. Advocated assassination. Dieu et l’état 1871.

Baldwin, Stanley. 1867-1947. British Conservative Prime Minister. 1923~37. General Strike. Opposed rearmament. “Safety First”.

Ballot Act. 1872. Established secret ballot in English Parliamentary elections.

Baltic Entente. 1923-39. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania agreement for mutual defence vs Germany and Russia.

Baltimore Incident. 1891. Chileans attack US seamen; pay reparations to avert war.

Barbara, St. c200. Maiden martyr at father’s hands, who was struck by lightning. Patron St. of artillerymen.

Barbary Piracy. 1518-1830. G. Washington pays $1M to free enslaved seamen 1796. US attacks Tripoli 1815. French sieze Algiers, 1830.

Barebones Parliament. 1653. Cromwell’s Nominated Puritan Parliament. Named for MP, Praise-God Barbon.

Barry, Charles. 1795-1860. English architect: Westminster Parliament 1840. Trafalgar Square 1840-3.

Basel, Confessions. 1531, 1536. Statements of Reformation doctrines.

Bathsheba. Old Testament Hittite Wife of David, mother of Solomon.

Beccaria, Cesare. 1738-94. Italian writer. Treatise on Crime and Punishment 1764. Influenced 19C penal reform and capital punishment.

Beelzebub. New Testament prince of Demons. Satan.

Beghards. 13C. Catholic men’s charitable communities. Condemned 1311.

Begin, Menachem. 1913-91. Polish/Israeli. Prime Minister, 1977-83. Camp David Accords. Sadat.

Béguines. 12C- Belgian Catholic women’s charitables communities. Condemned 1311. Still exist.

Belize. 4-9C Maya. 17C Buccaneers. 17C English settle. 17,18C Slaves brought. 1862 Colony =British Honduras. 1964 Self-government. 1973 =Belize. 1981 Independent.

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