Turnverein. 1811. German Nationalist gymnastic movement vs Napoleon. Jahn.

Turpin, Dick. 1706-39. Romanticized English highwayman. Mythical York-London ride.

Tuscany. 1000BC Etruscans. 3C Rome = Tuscia. 6C Lombardy. 774 Franks. 12C Independent. 1434 Medici. 1737 Hapsburg-Lorraine. 1800 French Kingdom of Etruria. 1814 Hapsburg. 1849 Republic. 1861 Italy.

Tutankhamen. Egyptian pharaoh 1361-52BC. Restored traditions after Amarna Revolution. Tomb opened 1922.

Tutu, Desmond. 1931-. South African Anglican Archbishop. Hope and Suffering 1982. .

Tuvalu. 1764 British discover. 1892 British protectorate. 1915 «Gilbert and Ellice Island colony. 1978 Independent = Tuvalu.

Tweed, William. 1823-78. NY city “boss” controlled patronage through Tammany Society. Exposed by NY Times.

Twelve Tables. 451BC Roman law code.

Twelve Tribes of Israel. Hebrews who settled promised land after Exodus. Each led by a son or grandson of Jacob (Israel). Hence, Israelites.

Twenty-One Demands. 1915. China submits to Japanese threats. Japan controls Manchuria, Mongolia and have access to ports and islands.

26th of July Movement. 1956-9. Castro rebels in Cuban Revolution. Named for date of failed attack on Santiago barracks 1953.

Two-Power Standard. 1889. Hamilton declares that British fleet should be at least equal to naval strength of any 2 other countries. Abandoned 1912 by Churchill.

Two Sicilies. Naples and Sicily. All Italy south of papal states. 11C Norman. 12C HRE. 1282 Angevin(N)/Aragon(S). 1443 Aragon. 1495-1504 French(N). 1713 Austria(N) /Savoy(S). 1734 Spain. 1759 Independent Bourbon. 1799-1802 France. 1861 Italy.

Two Thousand Words. 1968. Czech proclamation supporting Dubcek reforms prompts Russian Invasion.

Tyche. Greek goddess of chance. =Fortuna.

Tyler, Wat. -1381. Led English Peasants’ Revolt vs taxation 1381. Executed.

Tylor, Edward. 1832-1917. British founder of cultural anthropology.

Tyndale, William. 1494-1536. English Protestant martyr. First English language bible.

Tynwald. 800- Isle of Man parliament, supreme court.

Tyrant. Originally any Greek ruler who seized power illegally. 5CBC- came to signify a cruel ruler.

Tyre. c2000BC Phoenicia. 14C Egypt. 9C Founded Carthage. 8C Assyria. 538 Persia. 332 Alexander...Seleucid. 125 Autonomous. 68BC Rome. 636 Moslem. 1124 Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1291 Mameluks destroy.

Uccello, Paolo. 1397-1475. Florentine Gothic/Renaissance painter. Perspective pioneer. Flood 1447.

Uesugi. 15C-1868. Japanese warrior clan ruling Honshu. Samurai.

Uganda. 1844 Arab traders reach. 1862 British explore. 1894 British protectorate. 1962 Independent. Amin.

Ugolino della Gherardesca. -1289. Italian Guelf noble. Executed by starvation for treason.

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