Sprengtporten, G.M. 1740-1819. Finnish colonel. Finland to join Russian Empire.

Spyri, Johanna. 1829-1901. Swiss writer. Heidi 1881.

Squanto. -1622. American Indian friend of Plymouth Pilgrims.

Sri Lanka. (Ceylon). Veddah. 5C BC Sinhalese from northern India settle. 1100 Tamil(N)/ Sinh(S). 1505 Portugal. 1656 Netherlands. 1796 British. 1948 Independent. 1972 = Sri Lanka.

Ssu-ma Ch’ien. 145-85BC. First great Chinese historian.

St Albans. 1455. First battle of War of Roses. Henry VI captured by Yorks.

St Albans Raid. 1864. Confederates attack Vermont from Canada.

St Brice’s Day Massacre. 1002. Ethelred orders killing of Danes in England.

St-Denis Basilica. 1137-44. Romanesque-Gothic transformation point. Burial place of French kings. Suger.

St George’s Day Revolt. 1343-5. Estonian peasants vs Danes. North Estonia sold to Teutonic Knights.

St Helena. 1502 Portugal discovers. 1659 British. 1815-21 Napoleon exiled. 1922 + Ascension Is. 1938 + Tristan da Cunha.

St John, Henry. 1678-1751. British statesman, writer.

St Kitts and Nevis. St Kitts: Carib. 1493 Columbus discovers. 1623,4 British, French settle, dispute. 1783 British. Nevis: 1628 British settle. 1816 St Kitts +Nevis, Anguilla, Virgin Islands. 1871 Leeward Islands Federation. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1967 St Kitts, Nevis, Anguilla Autonomous. 1980 -Anguilla. 1983 Independent.

St Laurent, Louis. 1882-1973 Canadian Liberal Prime Minister 1948-57. St Lawrence Seaway. Old Age Security.

St Lawrence Seaway. Links Great Lakes with Atlantic shipping. 1952 Begun. 1959 Open.

St Mark’s. (San Marco) 832. Venice. Built to house remains of St Mark. Rebuilt 1071.

St Peter’s. 1506-1615. Vatican Basilica. World’s largest. Tomb of St Peter. Bramante. Michelangelo. Raphael. Model for many government buildings.

St Pierre and Miquelon. 1635 French occupy. 17, 18C French, English dispute. 1814 French. 1947 French Overseas Territory.

St Vincent and the Grenadines. Carib. 1498 Columbus discovers. 1763 English. 1773 Treaty with Caribs. 1795 Carib revolt fails, most deported. 1871 Windward Is. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1969 Autonomous. +Grenadines. 1979 Independent.

Staël, Germaine de. 1766-1817. French woman of letters. Opposed Napoleon. Exiled. Corinne 1807. Germany 1810.

Stahl, Georg. 1660-1734. German chemist. Animalism-soul controls bodily functions. Theory of Combustion 1702.

Stählberg, Kaarlo. 1865-1952. First President of independent Finland 1919-25. Constitution.

Stakhanovism. 1935. Soviet movement to increase workers’ output. Rewards for exceeding quota.

Stalin, Joseph. 1879-1953. Soviet bloodthirsty revolutionary. Leader 1924-. 5 Year Plans modernized Russia. 1928 Collectivization. 1932- Dictator. 1936-8 Purge. Turned Marxism to Nationalism and Imperialism. World Socialist Revolution under USSR. 1952 abolished Politburo.

Stalingrad, Battle. 1942-3. Russian victory over Germans. Turning point of WWII.

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