Janissaries. 1330-1826. Ottoman sultan’s powerful bodyguard. First recruited from Christian children. Massacred by Mahmud II after revolt.

Jansen, Cornelis. 1585-1638. Dutch theologian whose theses created Jansenism. Augustinus 1640.

Jansenism. 1640-1730. Sought return to severity of Augustine. Opposed Jesuits. Gallicanism. Arnauld. Suppressed by Louis XIV. Pascal. Quesnel.

Janssen, Zacharias. 1580-1638. Dutch. Compound microscope 1590.

January Insurrection. 1863-4. Unsuccessful Polish revolution vs Russia.

Janus. Roman god with two faces to guard doorways, beginnings and endings.

Japan. 660BC Empire founded by legendary Jimmu. 5C AD First unified state. c552 Buddhism. 1192 First Shogun ruler. 1543 European contact (Portugal). 1639 Isolation. 1868 Meiji restoration. 1945-52 Allies occupy. 1947 Constitutional monarchy.

Jaruzelski, Wojciech. 1923-. Polish leader 1981-90. Banned Solidarity -1989. First free elections, 1989, since WWII.

Jaspers, Karl. 1883-1969. German Existential philosopher. Philosophie 1932.

Jauhar. Indian woman’s suicide by fire before husband’s expected death in battle.

Jaurès, Jean. 1859-1914. French socialist leader. L’Armée nouvelle 1910.

Java. 3C BC Indian infl. 8C Srivijaya(W). 13C Majapahit. 16C Mataran (Islamic). 1618 Dutch E Ind Co...1799 Dutch. 1811-16 British occupy. 1910 Indonesia. 1942-5 Japan occupies.

Java Man. First known fossils of Homo Erectus, discovered 1891.

Java Sea, Battle. 1942. Japanese naval victory over Allies.

Jay’s Treaty. 1794. Brititish concessions to US to avoid another war doesn’t appease Americans.

Jean de Meung. 1240-1305. French poet. Roman de la Rose 1280.

Jeans, James. 1877-1946. English astronomer. Dynamic theory of gases.

Jefferson, Thomas. 1743-1826. US President 1801-9. Drafted Declaration of Independence. Louisiana Purchase.

Jeffersonian Republicans. 1790-. US First opposition party. Advocated limited government vs Federalists.

Jeffreys of Wem, Baron. 1645-89. Bloody Assizes judge. Extortion, corruption. Lord Chancellor 1685-8.

Jehovah’s Witnesses. 1879-. Christian sect believing in Christ’s imminent second coming. Founded by Russell. Publish Watchtower and Awake!. Yahweh.

Jellicoe, John. 1859-1935. British WWI Admiral. Jutland.

Jemmapes, Battle. 1792. Dumouriez defeats Austrians. French occupy Belgium.

Jena-Auerstadt, Battles. 1806. Napoleonic victories over Prussians led to fall of Berlin.

Jenkins’ Ear, War. 1739-43. England vs Spain over restrictions of trade with Spanish colonies...War of Austrian Succession. Spanish cut ear, 1731.

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