Hals, Frans. c1580-1666. Dutch portrait painter: Laughing Cavalier 1624. Nurse and Child c1620.

Hamas. 1987-. Militant terrorist movement for elimination of Israel and establishment of a Palestinian state. Denounced 1993 peace agreement. PLO.

Hambach Festival. 1832. Young Germany demonstration.

Hamid II, Abdul. 1842-1915. Despotic Turkish Sultan, 1876-1909.

Hamilcar Barca. -228BC. Hannibal’s father.

Hamilton, Alexander. 1755-1804. US Federalist statesman. First Secretary of Treasury. Killed in duel by Burr.

Hamilton, James. 1606-49. Scottish Royalist. Defeated by Cromwell. Hanged.

Hamilton, William Rowan. 1805-65. Irish mathematician. Unification of optics and dynamics. Quaternion Theory.

Hamilton-Gordon, George. 1784-1860. British Prime Minister 1852-55. Oregon Treaty. Crimean War.

Hamman, Johann. 1730-88. German Pietism founder.

Hammett, Dashiell. 1894-1961. US detective story writer. The Thin Man 1952. Maltese Falcon 1930.

Hammurabi. -1750BC. Babylonian king 1792- who codified the law.

Hampton Court Conference. 1604. James I authorizes bible translation. 300 Puritans ejected from office, a cause of Civil War.

Hamsun, Knut. 1859-1952. Norwegian modernist writer. Hunger 1890.

Han. 202BC-220. Chinese dynasty. Promoted Confucianism, education, culture, bureaucracy. KaoTsu.

Han Wu Ti. 156-87BC. Chinese Emperor 140-. Confucianism as state religion. Exam system for civil service used to 20C.

Hancock, John. 1737-93. American revolutionary. First signer of Declaration of Independence.

Hand, Learned. 1872-1961. US jurist. Alcoa Antitrust case. Monopoly unlawful. No duty not to minimize one’s taxes 1947.

Handel, George Frideric. 1685-1759. German/ English composer of oratorio, Italian opera. Peak of polyphonic music. Water Music 1717. Messiah 1741. Music for Royal Fireworks 1749.

Handfasting. 1 yr trial marriage, Scotland.

Hannibal. 247-182BC. Carthaginian leader. Crossed the Alps with elephants in winter to attack Rome 217BC. St Bernard Pass. Punic Wars.

Hanno. 5C BC. Carthaginian. Established colonies in West Africa.

Hanover. Dynasty of Germany 1692-1866, Britain 1714-1901.

Hanover, Treaty. 1725. England, France, Prussia oppose Vienna Treaty.

Hansard. 1774-. Official British parliamentary report.

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