Conrad von Hotzendorf, Franz. 1852-1925. Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff, 1906~17.

Conscience, Hendrik. 1812-83. Romantic novelist; developed Flemish novel.

Conscription. 1793. Carnot devised first compulsory military service for France. Used in Egypt’s Old Kingdom.

Constable, John. 1776-1837. English Naturalist landscape painter. Hay Wain 1821. Valley Farm. Waterloo Bridge 1831.

Constance, Council. 1414-18. Ended Great Schism. Church council victory over papal power. Martin V elected pope.

Constance, Peace. 1446. Zurich and neighbouring cantons.

Constant de Rebecque, Benjamin. 1767-1830. Swiss/French author. Adolphe.

Constantine I. 274-338. Roman Emperor 306-, established Christianity as official religion. Moved capital to Constantinople. United state and church.

Constantine I. 1868-1923. King of Greece, 1913-17. Refused to support Allies in WWI. Abdicated. Restored 1920-2. Abdicated again.

Constantine V. 718-775. Byzantine Emperor 741-. Lost Rome and Italy.

Constantine XI. -1453. Last Byzantine Emperor 1449-. Died during Turkish siege.

Constantinople. Byzantium. Now Istanbul.

Constantinople, Fall of. 1453. Mehmed II. Name changed.

Constantinople Agreements. 1915. Secret French/British pact to give Dardanelles to Russia after WWI. Bolsheviks repudiated all previous treaties, but publicized secret ones-embarrassing.

Constitution, US. 1787. Effective 1789. Defines government, liberties, basic laws. Amendments I-X 1791 Bill of Rights. XIII 1865 Abolishes slavery. XVIII 1919 Prohibition. XIX 1920 Women suffrage. XXI 1933 Repeals Prohibition. XXVI 1971 Voting age 18.

Consul. 509BC-. Roman chief magistrate.

Continental Army. 1775-81. American Revolution army under George Washington.

Continental System. 1806-12. Napoleon’s European embargo vs Britain. Russian refusal led to 1812 Campaign. British retaliation led to Anglo-American War 1812.

Conventice Acts. 1593, 1664-1689. Suppressed dissension in Church of England.

Convention of 1818. Established 49th parallel as US-Canada border.

Convention Parliament. 1660. Restored monarchy. William and Mary 1689.

Cook, James. 1728-79. English explorer. Sailed to Tahiti to see transit of Venus, 1768. Charted New Zealand 1769. Claimed Australia 1770.

Cooper, James Fenimore. 1789-1851. US adventure writer: Last of Mohicans 1826. Deerslayer 1841.

Copenhagen, Battle. 1801. Nelson destroys Danish fleet. 1807. British bomb Copenhagen.

Copernicus, Nicolaus. 1473-1543. Polish astronomer, who demonstrated planetary motion around sun 1528. De Revolutionibus. Aristarchus. Galileo.

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