Olympics, Modern. 1896 Athens. 1900 Paris. 1904 St. Louis. 1908 London. 1912 Stockholm. 1920 Antwerp. Summer: 1924 Paris. 1928 Amsterdam. 1932 Los Angeles. 1936 Berlin. 1948 London. 1952 Helsinki. 1956 Melbourne. 1960 Rome. 1964 Tokyo. 1968 Mexico City. 1972 Munich. 1976 Montreal. 1980 Moscow. 1984 Los Angeles. 1988 Seoul. 1992 Barcelona. 1996 Atlanta. 2000 Sydney. 2004 Athens. 2008 Beijing. Winter: 1924 Chamonix. 1928 St Moritz. 1932 Lake Placid. 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. 1948 St Moritz. 1952 Oslo. 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo. 1960 Squaw Valley. 1964 Innsbruck. 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo. 1976 Innsbruck. 1980 Lake Placid. 1984 Sarajevo. 1988 Calgary. 1992 Albertville. 1994 Lillehammer. 1998 Nagano. 2002 Salt Lake City. 2006 Torino. Olympia.

Oman. 1508 Portugal discovers. 1659 Turkey. 1741 Said dynasty. Zanzibar.

Oxford, Provisions of. 1258-66. Reforms barons forced on Henry III. Annulled, modified. Led to Provisions of Westminster, Barons War.

Pascal, Blaise. 1623-62. French mathematician, Jansenist philosopher, physician. Calculator 1642.Barometer 1646. Syringe 1648. Hydraulics. Probability 1654. Pensées 1670.

Pavia, Siege. 773-4. Charlemagne defeats Lombards.

Profumo Affair. 1963. British War Minister Profumo and Christine Keeler, who also associated with Soviet attaché. Embarassed government.

Quatre Bars, Battle. 1815. Preliminary to Waterloo. Napoleon defeats Prussians.

Rationalism. All truth can be arrived at through thought alone. vs Empiricism. Descartes. Spinoza.

Ravenna. 402 Western Roman Empire capital. 476 Ostrogothic capital of Italy. 553 Byzantine. 751 Lombard. 754 Franks. 1278 Papal States. 1441 Venice. 1509 Papal States. 1859 Sardinia. 1861 Italy.

Reni, Guido. 1575-1642. Italian Baroque painter. Aurora and the Hours 1613.

Ringling, John. 1866-1936. Circus impressario 1884. Bought Barnum and Bailey 1907.

Rococo. Art and Architecture 1720-70. Last stage of Baroque. Shell shaped motif in ornamentation. Dainty, graceful, ornate, smiling. Watteau. Boucher. Fragonard.

Romanesque Architecture. 4-15C. Barrel vault. Plain. Massive piers. Masonry vaulting. Blend of Byzantine and Roman influences. Gothic.

Rosa, Salvator. 1615-73. Italian poet, musician, Baroque painter.

Rossini, Gioacchino. 1792-1868. Italian opera composer: Barber of Seville 1816. William Tell 1829.

Rubens, Peter Paul. 1577-1640. Flemish Baroque painter. Sensuous works. Descent from Cross 1611. Médicis cycle 1621-5. Peace and War c1630.

Schein, Johann. 1586-1630. Reformation composer. Introduced Italian Baroque to German music.

Scientology. 1955-. Religious/scientific movement founded by Hubbard.

Shimabara Rebellion. 1637-8. Japanese Catholics vs taxes.

Sigismund. 1368-1437. King of Hungary 1387-, Germans 1411-, Lombardy 1431-, HRE 1433-. Helped end Schism. Executed Huss.

Smetana, Bedrich. 1824-84. Czech Nationalist opera composer. Bartered Bride 1866. “-Father of Czech music”.

Solferino, Battle. 1859. Victor-Emmanuel gains Lombardy during Risorgimento. Carnage leads to Red Cross.

Spinoza, Baruch. 1632-77. Dutch Rationalist philosopher. Criticized scriptures. Excommunicated by Jews. God and nature are one. Determinist. Pantheist. God and Nature 1659. Ethics 1665.

St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. 1572. Catherine de Medici has 2000 Huguenots killed by Charles IX.

St-Germain-L’Auxerrois. 13-15C. Church by Louvre gave signal for Massacre of St-Bartholomew.

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