Ghazigi. “Warriors of the faith”. Ottoman military before Janissaries.

Ghetto. Jewish area of cities, esp: 1556-1885 Rome; 1239 Valencia; 1462 Frankfurt; 1516 Venice; 1066-1291 Old Jewry, London; 1939 Warsaw.

Gibbon, Edward. 1737-94. English historian. Decline and Fall of Roman Empire 1776-88.

Gladiatorial Wars. 73-71BC. Spartacus.

Goliad Massacre. 1836. 350 Texan prisoners by Mexico in War for Independence.

Good Parliament. 1376. Reforms against Edward III. Nullified 1377.

Goya, Francisco. 1746-1828. Spanish painter and engraver of macabre. Horrors of War 1811.

Grand Alliance, War of. 1689-97. Spain, Sweden, England, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands vs French expansionism. Negotiated Peace. King William’s War. Namur. Augsburg League.

Great Leap Forward. 1958-61. Failed Chinese program for increased output by communes.

Great Society. 1965-9. US program of social reforms. War on poverty.

Greco-Turkish War. 1897. Greece fails to annex Crete. 1920-22. Greece loses Thrace. Exchange of minorities.

Greek Independence, War. 1821-29. Greek rebels, plus England, France, Russia defeat Turkey and Egypt. London Treaty. Otto I. Constantinople Treaty, 1832....End of Holy Alliance.

Greek Liberation, War. = Greek Independence, War.

Grey, Edward. 1862-1933. British statesman. Triple Alliance. Treaty of London.

Grotius, Hugo. 1583-1645. Dutch jurist. Laws of War and Peace 1625.

Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty. 1848. Ended Mexican War. US paid $15M for half of Mexico.

Guerra Santa (Holy War). 1848. Unsuccessful Italian revolution. Garibaldi. Mazzini.

Guesclin, Bertrand du. c1320-80. French military leader, 100 Years’ War. Expelled English from France.

Guise, Francois, duc de. 1519-63. Massacred Huguenots at Vassy, 1562, starting War of Religion.

Gulf War. 1990-91. Allies (US, Britain, France, Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia +26 others) expel Iraq from Kuwait.

Guyana. Arawak, Carib, Warrau. 1498 Columbus discovers. 16C Dutch settle. 1814 Britain. 1831 Colony =British Guiana. 1966 Independent =Guyana. 1970 Republic.

Haig, Douglas. 1861-1928. British Commander-in-Chief France 1915-19. War of Attrition.

Hamilton-Gordon, George. 1784-1860. British Prime Minister 1852-55. Oregon Treaty. Crimean War.

Hannibal. 247-182BC. Carthaginian leader. Crossed the Alps with elephants in winter to attack Rome 217BC. St Bernard Pass. Punic Wars.

Hardenberg, Karl von. 1750-1822. Prussian chancellor 1810- during Napoleonic Wars. Citizenship to Jews.

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