Ormonde, Duke of. 1610-88. Irish Stuart supporter during Civil War.

Osiris. Vegetation god who introduced civilization to Egypt. God of underworld.

Pakistan. 25C BC Indus civilization. 15C BC Aryan. 6C Achaemenid. 326 Alexander. 4C BC Maurya Empire. c50 AD Kushan. 4C Gupta. 5C Hun. 8C Moslem. 11C Turks. 1206 Delhi Sultanate. 1526 Mogul. 1780 Sikh. 1840 British India. 1947 Independent. 1956 Islamic Republic. 1971 -Bangladesh.

Parks, Rosa. 1913-. US ‘mother’ of Civil Rights Movement. Arrested, 1955, for not relinquishing her seat to a white man. King.

Pendleton Civil Service Act. 1883. US creates merit based civil service system vs Spoils System.

Phalangists. 1936-2000 Militant Maronites vs Moslems in Lebanese Civil War.

Prefect. Roman civil servants delegated Consul’s power.

Preston, Battle. 1648. Cromwell defeats Charles I last forces in English Civil War.

Protectorate. 1653-9. English government after Civil War by Instrument of Government. Cromwell.

Pym, John. 1583-1643. English Puritan. Led Long Parliament. Civil War.

Randolph, A. Philip. 1889-1979. US black civil rights/labor leader. March on Washington 1963.

Reforma. 1854-76. Mexican civil war. Ouster of Santa Anna. Reduced power of army, church. Tejada Law. Juárez.

Republic, Second Spanish. 1931-9. President Zamora, Azaña. Spanish Civil War.

Roebling, John. 1806-69. US civil enginerer. First steel cable suspension bridges. Began Brooklyn Bridge.

Rosenberg, Julius, Ethel. 1918,1916-53. First US civilians executed for spying for Soviet Union.

Roundhead. Derisory term applied to Parliamentarians during English Civil War.

Rupert, Prince. 1619-82. Royalist commander in English Civil War. First President of Hudson’s Bay Co.

Russian Civil War. 1918-22. Trotsky’s Red Army defeat White counter-revolutionaries. Baltic liberated.

Sanctuary, Right of. Established 4C Rome. England until 1623 (criminal), 18C (civil). Europe until 1789. Asylum in church for 1 month.

Sarmiento, Domingo. 1811-88. First civilian Argentine president. 1868-74.

Saturn. Roman god of agriculture and civilization. = Cronus. Saturnalia festival influenced Christmas.

Savigny, Friedrich von. 1779-1861. German jurist, historian of Roman and medieval law. Modern system of civil law.

Sonderbund. 1845-7. League of Catholic Swiss cantons defeated in civil war.

Spanish Civil War. 1936-9. Germany and Italy aid Fascist Franco’s revolt against the Republic, which surrenders after 1M die. International Brigades. A cause of WWII. Guernica.

Sulla, Lucius. 138-78BC. Roman consul 88-79. Dictator 82-79. Civil war with Marius. Murdered thousands of opponents. Conquered Athens. Constitutional reforms.

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