Sumerians. c6000-2000BC Civilization in Tigris-Euphrates valley. First writing system. First legal code. Akkad. Ur.

Thoreau, Henry. 1817-62. US naturist, anarchist essayist: Civil Disobedience 1848. Walden 1854.

Tigris-Euphrates. SW Asian river system. Assyrian, Chaldean civilizations.

Toynbee, Arnold J. 1889-75. English historian on the cyclicality of civilizations. Study of History 1934-61.

Tribonian. -545 Byzantine. Compiled Corpus Juris Civilis law code 529.

26th of July Movement. 1956-9. Castro rebels in Cuban Revolution. Named for date of failed attack on Santiago barracks 1953.

Ulster Troubles. 1969-. Unionist attack on civil rights march led to revival of hostilities.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. USSR. 1917 Communist revolution, Civil War. 1923 Union of states. 1939 +Galicia. 1940 +Baltic States, Bessarabia, Karelia. 1945 +Ruthenia. Recognized: 1923 US, 1924 Britain, 1940 Yugoslavia. 1991 Dissolved. Russia.

Villiers, G. 1592-1628. First Duke of Buckingham. Incompetent favourite of Charles I who dissolved parliament to prevent his impeachment, 1626 causing Civil War.

Wakefield, Battle. 1460. War of Roses. 1643 English Civil War.

Westminster, Statute of. 1275,85,90. First reference to Great Council of England as Parliament. Reformed civil and criminal law. Legal protection for poor. 1931. British affirmation of autonomous dominion of British Empire countries. Established British Commonwealth.

Worcester, Battle. 1651. Cromwell defeats Royalists. Last revolt after English Civil War.

Yugoslavia. Balkans. 1918 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, Slovenes. 1929 =Yugoslavia. 1929-31 Dictatorship. 1941-45 Italy, Germany occupy. 1945 Socialist Federation of Republics. 1948 Broke Soviet ties. 1991 -Croatia, Slovenia, Civil war. Serbia. Croatia. Bosnia-Hercegovina. Slovenia. Macedonia. Montenegro. Tito. Kosovo.

Zapotec. 6-16C. Advanced Mexican civilization in Oaxaca.

Constitution, US. 1787. Effective 1789. Defines government, liberties, basic laws. Amendments I-X 1791 Bill of Rights. XIII 1865 Abolishes slavery. XVIII 1919 Prohibition. XIX 1920 Women suffrage. XXI 1933 Repeals Prohibition. XXVI 1971 Voting age 18.

Eliot, John. 1592-1632. English Puritan leader. Parliamentary liberties.

Magna Carta. 1215. British charter of rights, confirming ancient liberties, forced on King John at Runnymede. Habeas Corpus.

Rowlatt Acts. 1919. Suppressed liberties in British India led to Amritsar Riots, Noncooperation Movement.

Anne. 1665-1714. British Queen 1702-. Reign notable for literarature, science, architecture. Last Stuart. Acts of Union, Settlement.

Anne of Bretagne. 1477-1514. Wife of Charles VIII, 1491, then of Louis XII, 1499. Began union of Brittany with France.

Anti-Socialist Law. 1878-90. Germans ban unions.

Arcadian League. 370-362BC. Union of states vs Sparta.

Benelux. 1948-93. Economic union of Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg. EU.

Beria, Laurenty. 1899-1953. Soviet commisar in charge of Stalin’s security police 1938-.

Berlin Wall. 1961-89. Soviet troops erect. US guarantees West Berlin’s freedom.

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