Oxford, Provisions of. 1258-66. Reforms barons forced on Henry III. Annulled, modified. Led to Provisions of Westminster, Barons War.

Oxford English Dictionary. 1884-1928. 10 volumes, 2.4 million quotations. OED2 1989. James Murray.

Oxford Group. 1921- Early form of Buchmanism stressing group confessions.

Oxford Movement. 1833-45. Christian Socialist Tractarian movement for return to RC ritual, dogma in Anglican Church.

Oxford University. 1115. Celebrated center of English learning. Charter 1214. Modelled on University of Paris.

Paine, Thomas. 1737-1809. English/US/French political writer for democracy. Common Sense 1776, Rights of Man 1791, Age of Reason 1794.

Palmerston, Lord. 1784-1865. English Whig Prime Minister 1855~65. Secretary of War 1809-28. Foreign Secretary 1830~51. Crimean War. American Civil War.

Pandit, Vijaya. 1900-90. Fought for Indian independence. First woman president of UN General Assembly 1953-4. Nehru’s Sister.

Parks, Rosa. 1913-. US ‘mother’ of Civil Rights Movement. Arrested, 1955, for not relinquishing her seat to a white man. King.

Parliament. British Monarch, House of Lords and Commons. 1295 Model Parliament. 1688 Glorious Revolution. 1911 Parliament Act. Curia Regis. Name of legislatures of most former British colonies.

Passy, Frédéric. 1822-1912. French founder of International League for Permanent Peace 1867. First

Pasternak, Boris. 1890-1960. Russian writer. Dr. Zhivago 1957. (forced to decline).

Patriotic Front. 1973-9. Guerillas for black power in Rhodesia. Mugabe. Nkomo.

Paul I. 1754-1801. Russian Emperor. Reversed reforms, isolated Russia. Assassinated.

Pausanius. Spartan. Drove Persians from Greece at Plataea, 479BC. Starved to death for plotting helot uprising.

Peel, Robert. 1788-1850. English Prime Minister 1834~46. London police force 1829. Income Tax 1842. Founded Conservative Party. Bank Charter Act. Repealed Corn Laws 1846.

Penry, John. 1559-93. Welsh Puritan executed for Marprelate Tracts.

Perestroika. 1986. Gorbachev’s policy of government and economic reform.

Pérotin. -c1238. First composer to write for 4 voices. Sederunt.

Perret, Auguste. 1874-1954. French architect in reinforced concrete. Champs-Élyées Theatre.

Peru. Settled 8000BC. 15C Inca. 1532 Pizarro conquers for Spain. 1821 Independent.

Pétain, Philippe. 1856-1951. Defender at Verdun, 1916. Armistice 1940. Vichy Prime Minister 1940-42. German puppet 1942-4. Life sentence for collaboration after liberation.

Peterloo Massacre. 1819. Peaceful Manchester demonstration for parliamentary reform suppressed by cavalry. 500 casualties. Ultra tories limit freedom of press, assembly.

Petit Palais. Built for 1900 World Exhibition. Paris Museum of Fine Arts.

Phalanx. 7C BC. Greek infantry formation in 8 rows.

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