Liberalism. 19C. Movement for freedom of the individual, democracy. Bentham. Mill. Spencer. 20C. Movement to free individuals from economic restraint by social welfare programs.

Liberalism, Economic. 19C. Striving for personal profits and liberty. Manchester School. Cobden.

Libraries. 1700BC Chaldean. 540BC Athens. 284BC Alexandria. 167 Rome. 355 Constantinople. 1446 Vatican. 1520 Paris. 1757 British Museum. 1598 Oxford Bodleian. 1653 Manchester, First free public. 1800 US Library of Congress.

Lidice. 1942. Czech village annihilated by Nazis in retaliation for Heydrich assassination.

Liebig, Justus von. 1808-73. German chemist. Analysis of organic compounds, 1831. Agricultural chemistry, 1841. Chloroform 1831.

Ligurian Republic. 1797-99, 1801-5. Genoese state formed by Napoleon.

Lilith. Jewish female demon, Adam’s wife before Eve.

Lister, Joseph. 1827-1912. English surgeon. Introduced carbolic acid for antiseptic surgery, 1865.

Livonian War. 1558-83. Russia fails to conquer Livonia for access to Baltic.

Llwelyn. Welsh prince, 1246-82. With Montfort in Barons War.

Logos. Greek force of cosmic order and reason. Link between God and man. Philo.

Lollards. 1370-1530 English church reform movement. Wycliffe.

Lombards. Germanic people. 568 invaded Italy. 808 Jews formed banking system. 14C Commercial banks.

Lomonosov, Mikhail. 1711-65. Russian writer/scientist. Established U of Moscow. Reformed Russian literary language.

London Conference. 1933 Failed financial reforms to end Depresion.

London Declaration. 1909. Proposed rules for naval warfare. Not ratified.

London Treaty. 1674 Holland, England end War. 1824 Netherlands, Britain for control of Malaya. 1827 Britain, France, Russia to force mediation on Turkey/Greek freedom fighters. 1831 Belgian War of Independence. 1832 Britain, France, Bavaria made Otto I, King of Greece. 1852 Danish Succession. 1867 Luxembourg independence granted. 1871 Ended neutrality of Black Sea. 1913 Ended first Balkan War. 1915 (Secret) Britain-France-Russia grant concessions to Italy for joining WWI allies. Revealed by Bolsheviks 1918.

Londonderry Siege. 1689. 105 days vs James II forces.

Long, Crawford. 1815-78. US physician. First surgical use of ether, 1842.

Lost Generation. Gertrude Stein’s term for US writers influenced by WWI. Fitzgerald. Hemingway.

Lotus Eaters. African peoples of Odyssey who were forgetful and idle.

Louis IX. St. Louis. 1214-70. French King 1226-70. Last 2 crusades. Captured on 7th Crusade. Built Ste-Chapelle, 1243, in thanks for release.

Louisiana Purchase. 1803. Napoleon sells Louisiana to US for $27M to finance defence budget.

Louvois, Marquis de. 1639-91. Louis XIV War Minister. Reformed army. Enforced Nantes revocation. Supervised construction of Invalides, Vendôme.

Louvre. 1204 fortress. Charles V library. 1527 new palace by Lescot. 1793 converted to museum. Venus de Milo. Mona Lisa.

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