William III. 1650-1702. Prince of Orange 1672-. King of England with Mary II 1689-. Ended War of Grand Alliance 1697. Defeated James II at Battle of Boyne, reconquered Ireland 1690. Declared freedom of worship.

Witt, Johan de. 1625-72. Dutch statesman. Rebuilt navy. Led Dutch Wars. Triple Alliance 1668. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. Killed by Orangist mob.

World War I. 1914-18. Allies-France, British Empire, Russia, Italy, US(1917-) vs Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Caused by Nationalist movements, Balkan instability, trade rivalry, alliances. 30M casualties. First tanks, chemical, planes, submarines. Ended Russian, Ottoman, Austria-Hungarian Empires.

Zimmerman Telegram. 1917. Germany suggests Mexican alliance if US enters war. Interception aroused public vs Germany.

Abel, Rudolf. 1902-71. Russian spy traded for Powers.

Abstract Art. 20C. Color, line and form without subject. Begun by Cezanne.

Achaean League. 5-4C BC. Greek towns in common defence against pirates in Gulf of Corinth. 280-146BC. Model for federal government. Created to fight Macedonia. Dissolved by Romans.

Achilles. Greek hero of Trojan Wars, invulnerable except for his heel, subject of Homer’s Iliad.

Acropolis. Elevated portion of Greek cities for protection and worship. Athens 2000BC.

Actaeon. Mythical Greek hunter, turned into a stag for watching Artemis bathing.

Addams, Jane. 1860-1935. US social reformer. Founded NAACP, Hull House.

Adlerian Psychology. Man is driven to attain power to compensate for “inferiority feeling”. Can lead to “Overcompensation”, e.g. short dictators. Neuroses are illnesses as an excuse for underachievement.

African National Congress. ANC. 1912-. Organization for black rights in South Africa outlawed to 1990. 1994- Ruling party. Mandela.

Aggression. 1974 UN Definition-Use of armed force against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another state.

Agnosticism. Huxley’s term for not knowing whether God exists or not.

Agricola, Johann. 1494-1566. German Protestant reformer and Antinomianist.

Alaric II. -507. King of Visigoths 484-, beaten by Clovis, 507. Law code 506 for Roman subjects.

Alaska. 1741 Bering explores. 1799 Russian America. 1867 US buys for $7.2M. 1959 State.

Albert, Prince Consort. 1819-1861. Married Queen Victoria, 1840. Responsible for International exhibitions 1851, 62. Moderated Trent Affair.

Albion. Ancient Greek, Roman name for Great Britain, probably from Gaelic.

Alcazar. 14-15C Moorish fortresses in Spain. Seville 1364. Toledo, Segovia.

Aldermaston March. 1958-64. Annual ‘Ban the Bomb’ demonstration of CND.

Aldrich, Henry. 1647-1710. English composer/architect: Peckwater Quad, Oxford, 1707-14.

Alfonso XIII. 1886-1941. King of Spain 1886-1931. Survived 5 assassination attempts. Support for Primo de Rivera weakened monarchy.

Ali Pasha, Mehmed Emin. 1815-71. Reforming Ottoman Vizier.

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