Cavell, Edith. 1865-1915. British nurse in Brussels. Executed by Germans for helping POWs escape.

Celts. Central European peoples who settled Spain, Gaul, Asia Minor 3000BC, and invaded Great Britain c3C BC. Plundered Rome 390BC. Thrived in Britain. after Romans. Invaded Greece 279-276BC. Forced to Wales by Invasions 5C. = Roman “Gauls”.

Chadwick, Edwin. 1800-90. English campaigner for cleanliness to prevent disease. Poor Law Commission, 1832-46. Board of Health 1848-54.

Champ-de-Mars. Garden under the Eiffel Tower. Originally Gabriel’s parade ground for École Militaire.

Chartists. 1836-58. British workers’ reform movement. Petitions 1838,40,48 for universal male suffrage, ballot vote led to riots 1839. Lovett.

Chatterton, Thomas. 1752-70. English poet. Forerunner of Romantics. Suicide.

Cherubini, Luigi. 1760-1842. Italian/French composer. Classical form; French opera.

Chicherin, Georgi. 1872-1936. Russian diplomat. Won recognition for Communist government.

Childebert. -558. Son of Clovis. Frankish king, 511-. Built St-Germaine de Prés for relics from Spain.

Chomsky, Noam. 1928-. US linguist. Invented transformational grammar. Language and the Mind.

Christianity. World’s largest religion, based on acts and teachings of Jesus Christ, believed to be Son of God. Emphasises love for all..

Church of Scotland. National Church of Scotland. Reformation led by Knox. 1560 Abolished pope. 1689 Presbyterian.

CIA. Central Intelligence Agency. 1947-. US information gathering agency. Replaced OSS. National Security Act. Activities: 1953 Iran. 1954 Guatemala. 1967 Guevara. 1973 Chile. 1976 Nigeria.

Cid, El. (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar). c1043-99. Spanish hero, who fought for Moors and Christians. Idealized in 1140 epic El Cantar de mio Cid. Conquered and ruled Valencia 1094-99.

Civil Rights Movement. 1950-91. US movement to obtain rights for blacks. 1955 Parks. 1963 March on Washington. King speech. 1991 Civil Rights Act.

Clapham Sect. 1790-1830. Wilberforce’s social reformers and missionaries.

Clare, Richard de. 1222-62. Led Barons. Provisions of Oxford.

Classical. 500-300BC Greek Art. Idealized figure sculptures. Doric, Ionic, Corinthian architecture. Praxiteles. Roman Art. 1C BC-2C AD. Greek forms; added arch. Sculpture: realistic portraits, dramatic bas-relief.

Clear Grits Movement. 1848-51. Canadian political movement for representation by population.

Clinton, Henry. 1738-95. Commander 1778-81. Blamed for British defeat in American Revolution.

CND. Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.

Coffee. 16/17C to Europe. 1650 Oxford. First coffee house.

Columbus, Christopher. 1446-1506. Genoese navigator for Spain. Discovered America, 1492. Pinzon.

COMECON. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. 1949-91. USSR and satellites central planning organization.

Comic Opera. 18C revolt vs serious opera. Light style, familiar scenes. Italy: opera buffa; Fr: opéra comique; Eng: ballad opera; Ger: singspiel. Orig as intermezzo for opera.

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