Berlin Congress. 1878. Bulgaria divided, independence for Romania, Serbia. Turkey gains Macedonia. Russia gains Armenia. Britain gains Cyprus. Revised San Stefano treaty.

Berry, Jean, duc de. 1340-1416. Regent of France for Charles VI. Policies caused Peasants Revolt 1381-4. Patron of arts. Limburg.

Bethmann-Hollweg. 1856-1921. German Chancellor, 1909-17. Tried to mediate before WWI. Overthrown by Hindenburg and Ludendorf.

Bichat, Xavier. 1771-1802. French anatomist. “Life is the sum of the forces that restrict death.”

Big Stick Policy. Roosevelt’s foreign policy. Power as a deterrent. Mahan.

Biron, Charles. 1562-1602. French marshal, beheaded for treason.

Bishops’ Wars. 1639. Scots vs Charles’ Anglicanism. 1640. Covenanters force Charles to call Long Parliament.

Black Army. 1463-1500. Powerful Hungarian mercenary force.

Black Nationalism. 1960-73. US political movement for economic power.

Blanche of Castile. 1188-1252. Mother, regent for St. Louis. Hôtel de Nesle. Helped unify France.

Bleeding Kansas. 1854-59. Antislavery vs Slavery advocates for control of Kansas. Wyandotte Constitution.

Blitz. 1940-41. Popular name for Battle of Britain.

Bloomsbury Group. 1907-30. Agnostic English intellectuals searching for good, true, beautiful. Forster, Woolf, Keynes, Russell, Huxley, et.al.

Boeotian League. 550-335BC. Federal government formed by Thebes. Opposed Sparta in Corinthian War. Defeated by Philip of Macedonia, 338. Destroyed by Alexander the Great, 335.

Bolsheviks. (“Majority”) 1903-52. Revolutionary faction of Social Democratic Workers Party for dictatorship of Proletariat. =Communist. Mensheviks.

Bolt, Robert. 1924-95. English dramatist. A Man for all Seasons 1960.

Bonaparte, Louis. 1778-1846. King of Holland 1806-10. Forced to abdicate after opposing Continental System. Napoleon’s brother.

Bonivard, François de. 1494-1570. Prior of St. Victori, Geneva. Reformer, imprisonned at Chillon, 1530-4. Subject of Byron poem.

Bonus Army. 1932. US WWI vets march to demand accelerated bonus payment. Dispersed by force.

Booth, Charles. 1840-1916. English social reformer. 17 volume Life and Labour of the People in London 1891-1903.

Booth, William. 1829-1912. British reformer. Founder of Salvation Army, 1878. In Darkest England and the Way Out 1890.

Borgia, Lucrezia. 1480-1519. Daughter of Pope Alexander VI. Known for vices and crimes.

Borlaug, Norman. 1914-. US wheat scientist responsible for Green Revolution.

Bossuet, J.-B. 1627-1704. French prelate known for eloquent funeral orations. De Re Diplomatica 1681.

Boston, Siege. 1775-6. US force British to evacuate.

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