Spallanzani, Lazzaro. 1729-99. Ended the belief in spontaneous generation of life. Artificial insemination 1780.

Spanish Riding School. 16C. Vienna. Lippizaner stallions.

Splendid Isolation. 1895-1902. Salisbury foreign policy. British naval strength required no ally.

Stanhope, James. 1673-1721. English general. Negotiated Triple, Quadruple Alliances.

Stanislaw II. 1732-98. Last king of Poland 1764-95. Installed by his lover Catherine II.

Suharto. 1921-. Indonesian president. 1967-. Brutally repressed communist coup 1965.

Sumerians. c6000-2000BC Civilization in Tigris-Euphrates valley. First writing system. First legal code. Akkad. Ur.

Supremacy, Act of. 1534 Henry VIII establishes Church of England under monarch. 1554 Repealed by Mary I. 1559 Elizabeth I re-established Church of England. Oath required of all MPs.

Surrealism. 1920-. Artistic and literary movement dealing with the expression of the subconscious mind, fantasy, dreams. Klee, Dali, de Chirico, Chagall.

Swabian League, Great. 1488-1534. 22 cities, nobles and local leagues in southern Germany form protective alliance.

Symbolists. 19C French literary movement expressing truth subjectively by symbols. Spread to art, music. Verlaine. Mallarmé. Munch.

Taborites. -1452. Militant Bohemian Hussites. Defeated by Catholic-Utraquist alliance.

Tallage. -14C. Feudal tax on vassals by Lords.

Talleyrand, Maurice de. 1754-1838. French politician under Directory and Empire. Congress of Vienna.

Tallien, Jean. 1767-1820. French Jacobin. Led Rebellion of 9 Thermidor.

Tallin. 1219 Danish fortress in Estonia. 1285 Hanseatic League. 1346 Teutonic Knights. 1561 Sweden. 1710 Russia. 1918 Estonia.

Tchaikovsky, Peter. 1840-93. Russian composer of operas and ballets with emotional appeal. Swan Lake 1877. Sleeping Beauty 1890. Nutcracker 1892.

Teapot Dome Scandal. 1922. Exclusive oil rights granted by Fall for personal “loans”. Discredited Harding administration.

Tehran Conference. 1943. Allies coordinate strategy.

Temple, William. 1628-99. English diplomat. Arranged Triple Alliance, marriage of William and Mary.

Thales. c624-546BC. Greek philosopher/scientist. Predicted eclipse, 585. First to enunciate the existence of natural laws of science. Water as basis of all matter. Critical discussion leads to knowledge. Static electricity.

Thiers, Adolphe. 1797-1877. French. Led July Revolution. Paris wall 1841. Crushed Paris Commune 1871. First president of Third Republic 1871-3.

Thomas, Sydney. 1850-85. English metallurgist.

Thomas Aquinas, St. 1225-74. Italian Dominican scholar. 5 Proofs of God. An eternal law governs all physical and moral behaviour. Summa Theologica. Thomism. Reconciled Aristotle’s reason with Christian faith.

Three Kings, Battle. 1578. Invading Moors, Portuguese defeated by Moroccans. All kings died.

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