Laurens, Henry. 1724-92. US President of Continental Congress 1777-8. Captured by British. Exchanged for Cornwallis.

Lavalleja, Juan. 1784-1853. Uruguay revolutionary. Led 33 Immortals. Independence from Brazil.

Laxness, Halldór. 1902-98. Icelandic writer. Weaver of Cashmere 1927. Independent People 1935.

Lend-Lease. Agreement between Allies and US during WWII for sharing costs of supplies and foreign exchange obligations.

Leuctra, Battle. 371BC. Thebes defeats Sparta, signalling decline.

Lewis, Sinclair. 1885-1951. US writer of small town life: Babbit 1922. Elmer Gantry 1927.

Liberty Bell. 1753. Independence Hall, Philadelphia. Cracked 1835.

Little Entente. 1920-38. Economic, defensive alliance of Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia.

Livingstone, David. 1813-73. Scottish missionary, central Africa 1840-73. Discovered Victoria Falls, Zambesi River. Stanley.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

LogicalPositivism. 1920s. Philosophy. Only experimentally verifiable scientific truth counts. Vienna Circle. Wittgenstein.

London, Jack. 1876-1916. US adventure author. Call of the Wild 1903.

London Treaty. 1674 Holland, England end War. 1824 Netherlands, Britain for control of Malaya. 1827 Britain, France, Russia to force mediation on Turkey/Greek freedom fighters. 1831 Belgian War of Independence. 1832 Britain, France, Bavaria made Otto I, King of Greece. 1852 Danish Succession. 1867 Luxembourg independence granted. 1871 Ended neutrality of Black Sea. 1913 Ended first Balkan War. 1915 (Secret) Britain-France-Russia grant concessions to Italy for joining WWI allies. Revealed by Bolsheviks 1918.

Louis XIV. Sun King. 1638-1715. French King 1643-. Mazarin regent to 1661. Absolute reign signalled a flourishing of the arts. Built Versailles. Revoked Edict of Nantes. -“L’état c’est moi.”

Louis XVIII. 1755-1824. Bourbon. Restored to French throne by Allies 1814-. Advisory Parliament. Ultraloyalists.

Louisiana. 1643 French LaSalle claims. 1719 Mississippi Company. 1762 England cedes to Spain. 1801 France (San Ildefonso Treaty). 1803 US purchase. 1812 18th State.

Lyceum. c335BC. Athenian school founded by Aristotle, called ’Peripatetics’.

Lysippus. 4C BC. Greek sculptor. Revised ideal human form-slender with smaller head.

MacArthur, Douglas. 1880-1964. US Pacific Allied commander, WWII. Commanded Japanese occupation. Led UN forces in Korean War.

Machado de Assis, Joaquim. 1839-1908. Brazilian writer. Small Winner 1881.

Mahavira, Vardhamana. 599-527BC. Indian founder of Jainism: -“All life is sacred”.

Malayan Emergency. 1948-60. Britain and allies defeat communist guerillas.

Mallarmé, Stéphane. 1842-98. French poet, initiated Symbolism. Après-Midi d’un faune 1865.

Mallen, Mary. =Typhoid Mary.

Mallorca. Balearic Island.

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