Indian Removal Act. 1830. US moves all Indians to Indian Territory.

Indian Territory. 1834. Originally all territory west of Mississippi. Later, reservations in Oklahoma.

Infallibility, Papal. 1870. Pope cannot err on matters of faith, morals. Approved by first Vatican Council after heated debate.

Innocent XI. 1611-89. Pope 1676-. 4 Articles on Gallicanism, 1673.

Innocents, Massacre of. 4BC. Herod has all Bethlehem infants murdered.

International Labour Organization. ILO. 1919- Agency of League of Nations, United Nations.

Irish Republican Army. IRA. 1919-. For a unified independent Ireland by terrorism (Provisional Wing) or by democratic means (Officials). Opposed Allies in WWII. Terrorism 1921-40, 1969-. Outlawed in Eire 1930, 36, 74. Sinn Fein.

Isaac. Old Testament Patriarch. Abraham’s son from whom all Jews descend. Spared from sacrifice.

Isabel. 1846-1921. Brazilian princess. As regent during Pedro II absence, abolished slavery 1888. Led to fall of Brazilian Empire.

Ishmael. Abraham and Hagar’s son, from whom all Arabs descend. Midianites.

Islam. =Muhammadism. 7C-. Monotheistic religion based on Koran. 1/6 of world’s population, especially north Africa, Middle East, SW Asia. Sunni. Shi’ite. Caliphate Empire.

Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall”. 1824-63. Mexican War and Confederacy general. Bull Run, Shenandoah, Antietam.

James IV. 1473-1513. King of Scotland 1488-. Allied with France vs England. Killed at Flodden.

James V. 1512-42. Catholic king of Scotland, 1513-. Allied with France vs Henry VIII.

Jansenism. 1640-1730. Sought return to severity of Augustine. Opposed Jesuits. Gallicanism. Arnauld. Suppressed by Louis XIV. Pascal. Quesnel.

Japan. 660BC Empire founded by legendary Jimmu. 5C AD First unified state. c552 Buddhism. 1192 First Shogun ruler. 1543 European contact (Portugal). 1639 Isolation. 1868 Meiji restoration. 1945-52 Allies occupy. 1947 Constitutional monarchy.

Java Sea, Battle. 1942. Japanese naval victory over Allies.

Jena-Auerstadt, Battles. 1806. Napoleonic victories over Prussians led to fall of Berlin.

Jenner, Edward. 1749-1823. English doctor, discovered smallpox vaccine 1796.

Jericho. c9000BC. First walled city. 2300BC Amorite. 1900BC Canaanite. c1300BC Israelites destroy.

Jim Crow Laws. 1877-1964. US laws allowing segregation.

Jingoism. Excessive nationalism. Originally for British who intervened in Russo-Turkish War, 1877.

John, Order of St. = Hospitallers.

John VIII. -882. Pope 872-. Paid Saracens for protection. Slavs allowed liturgy in Slavic.

John Baptist de la Salle, St. 1651-1789. French priest. Founded Reims school.

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