L’Hôpital, Michel de. 1505-73. French statesman, urged tolerance during the Wars of Religion.

Liberalism. 19C. Movement for freedom of the individual, democracy. Bentham. Mill. Spencer. 20C. Movement to free individuals from economic restraint by social welfare programs.

Liberalism, Theological. 17C. Religious inquiry based on reason vs authority.

Libraries. 1700BC Chaldean. 540BC Athens. 284BC Alexandria. 167 Rome. 355 Constantinople. 1446 Vatican. 1520 Paris. 1757 British Museum. 1598 Oxford Bodleian. 1653 Manchester, First free public. 1800 US Library of Congress.

Lippi, Fra Filippo. 1406-69. Florentine Renaissance painter. Madonna and Child 1437. Coronation of the Virgins.

Littré, Paul-Émile. 1801-81. French positivist philosopher. Dictionary of the French Language 1863-73.

Livia Drusilla. 58BC-29 AD. Influential wife of Augustus. Mother of Tiberius.

Lloyd Webber, Andrew. 1948-. British composer of popular musicals. Jesus Christ, Superstar 1971. Evita 1978. Cats 1981. Phantom of the Opera.

Lohengrin. German legendary knight of the Holy Grail.

Long, Crawford. 1815-78. US physician. First surgical use of ether, 1842.

Long, Huey. 1893-1935. US demagogic Louisiana governor. 1928-31, US Senator 1931-5. Share the Wealth. Shot.

Lorentz, Hendrik. 1853-1928. Dutch physicist. Electromagnetic radiation theory, 1895.

Lorenz, Konrad. 1903-89. Austrian zoologist. Father of ethology. Man Meets Dog 1954.

Louis. The Child. 893-911. Last Carolingian German King, 899-.

Louis. The Younger. c830-882. Carolingian German King 876-. Acquired Lotharingia.

Louis I. The Great. 1326-82. King of Hungary, 1342-, Poland 1370-. Rid kingdoms of Turks. Fought Venice, Naples.

Louis II. The German. c822-76. King of East Carolingian Empire, 843-. Fought reuniting attempts. Checked Arab invasion of Italy.

Louis II. The Stammerer. 846-79. W Frankish King 877-.

Louis IV. d’Outremer. 921-54. French King 936-. Fought Hugh the Great (father of Hugh Capet).

Louis VI. The Fat. 1081-1137. French King 1108-. Fought Henry I.

Louis VII. The Young. 1120-80. French King 1137-. Second Crusade. Marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine annulled, consanguinity.

Louis VIII. The Lionheart. 1187-1226. French King 1223-. Invaded England 1216-7. Albigensian Crusade 1226.

Louis X. The Stubborn. 1289-1316. King of Navarre 1305-14, France 1314-. Chartered nobles.

Louis XII. Father of the People. 1462-1515. French King 1498-. Italian Wars.

Louis XIII. The Just. 1601-43. French King 1610-. With Richelieu, extended monarchs power. Absolutism.

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