Communism. Collective ownership of property and industry. Wealth shared according to need. Eventually, “dictatorship of proletariat”.

Communist Manifesto. 1848. Marx and Engels call for Proletariat to control business and government.

Constable, John. 1776-1837. English Naturalist landscape painter. Hay Wain 1821. Valley Farm. Waterloo Bridge 1831.

Constantine I. 1868-1923. King of Greece, 1913-17. Refused to support Allies in WWI. Abdicated. Restored 1920-2. Abdicated again.

Constantinople, Fall of. 1453. Mehmed II. Name changed.

Constantinople Agreements. 1915. Secret French/British pact to give Dardanelles to Russia after WWI. Bolsheviks repudiated all previous treaties, but publicized secret ones-embarrassing.

Convention of 1818. Established 49th parallel as US-Canada border.

Corfu Pact. 1917. Called for creation of Yugoslavia.

Corinthian Wars. 395-387BC. Athens and allies overcome Spartan domination.

Cornwallis, Charles. 1738-1805. British General. Ended American Revolution by surrender at Yorktown.

Cornwallis Code. 1793. For civil servants in India. No private trade. No Indians in important posts.

Country Party. 1913-. Australian pro-agriculture party. Small but influential in coalition governments.

Crapper, Thomas. 1836-1910. British plumber. Installed Queen Victoria’s toilets. Manufacturer, but not inventor of syphonic flush toilets.

Creek War. 1813-14. Creek Indians defeated by Jackson, give up lands to US.

Cricket. 1598 derived from Club ball. 1877 First Test Match Australia/England.

Cronus. Greek Titan = Saturn. Swallowed own children.

Crookes, William. 1832-1919. English physicist. Invented Crookes tube. Discovered thallium. Radiometer.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Cuban Missile Crisis. 1962. Kennedy blockades Cuba to prevent Soviet missile installation.

Cycladic Civilization. Paralleled Minoan and Mycenaean.

Dardanelles. Mediterranean-Black Sea channel. = Hellespont. Gallipoli. Bosphorus.

Darius II. Persian King, 423-404BC. Allied with Sparta vs Athens. Lost Egypt.

Decadents. 19C. Writers who believed art should be above conventional morality. Mallarmé. Wilde. Verlaine.

Defender of the Faith. 1521. Title conferred by Pope Leo X on Henry VIII. Withdrawn after Act of Supremacy. Reconfirmed by Parliament, 1544 for all succeeding monarchs.

Deflation. Rapid fall in prices.

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